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Cheat sheet/Gamma: Difference between revisions
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<span style="color:#C00000; font-weight: bold;">Note: This page was for Toaq Gamma. A lot of stuff on here is <u>outdated</u>.</span> | |||
<div style="display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap;"> | <div style="display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap;"> | ||
<div | <div class="cheat-sheet-card"> | ||
=== Pronouns === | === Pronouns === | ||
* {{t|jí}} = | * {{t|jí}} = I | ||
* {{t|súq}} = you | * {{t|súq}} = you | ||
* {{t|nháo}} = | * {{t|nháo}} = he/she/they | ||
* {{t|múy}} = | * {{t|múy}} = I+you | ||
* {{t|míy}} = | * {{t|míy}} = I+they | ||
* {{t|máy}} = | * {{t|máy}} = I+you+they | ||
* {{t|há}} = one ( | * {{t|há}} = one/people <small>(as in "One does not simply walk into Mordor")</small> | ||
These pronouns refer back to words of a certain [[animacy class]]: | These pronouns refer back to words of a certain [[animacy class]]: | ||
| Line 23: | Line 25: | ||
</div> | </div> | ||
<div | <div class="cheat-sheet-card"> | ||
=== Nature vocab === | === Nature vocab === | ||
* {{t|poq}} = ___ is a person | * {{t|poq}} = ___ is a person | ||
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* {{t|haq}} = ___ is food | * {{t|haq}} = ___ is food | ||
* {{t|rua}} = ___ is a flower | * {{t|rua}} = ___ is a flower | ||
</div>< | <hr/> | ||
==== Colors ==== | |||
* {{t|reo}} = ___ has color ___ | |||
* {{t|reocuaq}} = ___ is a color | |||
<div> | |||
<span class=embiggen style="background-color: #fdd; ">{{t|kıa |___ is red }}</span> | |||
<span class=embiggen style="background-color: #fed; ">{{t|naraq|___ is orange}}</span> | |||
<span class=embiggen style="background-color: #ffd; ">{{t|lue |___ is yellow}}</span> | |||
<span class=embiggen style="background-color: #dfd; ">{{t|rıq |___ is green }}</span> | |||
<span class=embiggen style="background-color: #dfe; ">{{t|kuao |___ is cyan }}</span> | |||
<span class=embiggen style="background-color: #ddf; ">{{t|mıo |___ is blue }}</span> | |||
<span class=embiggen style="background-color: #edf; ">{{t|loa |___ is purple}}</span> | |||
<span class=embiggen style="background-color: #fff; ">{{t|bao |___ is white }}</span> | |||
<span class=embiggen style="background-color: #999; ">{{t|ruı |___ is gray }}</span> | |||
<span class=embiggen style="background-color: #333; color: #ddd;">{{t|kuo |___ is black }}</span> | |||
<span class=embiggen style="background-color: #654; color: #ddd;">{{t|tıaq |___ is brown }}</span> | |||
</div> | |||
<small>All of the above verbs mean "___ has color X", not "___ is the color X".</small> | |||
</div><div class="cheat-sheet-card"> | |||
=== Everyday vocab === | === Everyday vocab === | ||
* {{t|maı}} = ___ loves ___ | * {{t|maı}} = ___ loves ___ | ||
* {{t|paı}} = ___ is a friend of ___ | * {{t|paı}} = ___ is a friend of ___ | ||
* {{t|cho}} = ___ likes ___ | * {{t|cho}} = ___ likes ___ | ||
* {{t|hıo}} = ___ greets ___ | * {{t|hıo}} = ___ greets/bids farewell to ___ | ||
<small> | |||
:* {{t|ceohıo}} = ___ says hi to ___ | |||
:* {{t|shaıhıo}} = ___ says bye to ___ | |||
</small> | |||
* {{t|chuq}} = ___ eats ___ | * {{t|chuq}} = ___ eats ___ | ||
* {{t|pıe}} = ___ drinks ___ | * {{t|pıe}} = ___ drinks ___ | ||
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* {{t|huı}} = ___ is bad | * {{t|huı}} = ___ is bad | ||
* {{t|de}} = ___ is beautiful | * {{t|de}} = ___ is beautiful | ||
* {{t|tı}} = ___ is at ___ | * {{t|tı}} = ___ is at ___ | ||
* {{t|nıe}} = ___ is inside ___ | * {{t|nıe}} = ___ is inside ___ | ||
* {{t|neo}} = ___ is on top of ___ | * {{t|neo}} = ___ is on top of ___ | ||
</div><div | </div><div class="cheat-sheet-card"> | ||
=== Abstract vocab === | === Abstract vocab === | ||
* {{t|toa}} = ___ is a word | * {{t|toa}} = ___ is a word | ||
* {{t|muı}} = ___ is a meaning of ___ | * {{t|muı}} = ___ is a meaning of ___ | ||
<small> | |||
:* {{t|muıbo}} / {{t|semıo}} = ___ means ___ | |||
</small> | |||
* {{t|toaq}} = ___ is Toaqic | * {{t|toaq}} = ___ is Toaqic | ||
* {{t|dua}} = ___ knows ___ | * {{t|dua}} = ___ knows ___ | ||
| Line 67: | Line 89: | ||
* {{t|mıu}} = ___ opines ___ | * {{t|mıu}} = ___ opines ___ | ||
* {{t|gaı}} = ___ senses ___ | * {{t|gaı}} = ___ senses ___ | ||
<small> | |||
:* {{t|kaqgaı}} = ___ sees ___ | |||
:* {{t|huogaı}} = ___ hears ___ | |||
:* {{t|shıqgaı}} = ___ smells ___ | |||
:* {{t|noqgaı}} = ___ tastes ___ | |||
:* {{t|puaqgaı}} = ___ touches ___ | |||
</small> | |||
* {{t|sı}} = ___ pays attention to ___ | |||
<small> | |||
:* {{t|kaqsı}} = ___ looks at ___ | |||
:* {{t|huosı}} = ___ listens to ___, etc. | |||
</small> | |||
</div><div class="cheat-sheet-card"> | |||
=== Abstract vocab 2 === | |||
* {{t|kuaı}} = ___ longs to do ___ | * {{t|kuaı}} = ___ longs to do ___ | ||
* {{t|leo}} = ___ tries to do ___ | * {{t|leo}} = ___ tries to do ___ | ||
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* {{t|shao}} = ___ wants ___ to happen | * {{t|shao}} = ___ wants ___ to happen | ||
* {{t|choq}} = ___ uses ___ to do ___ | * {{t|choq}} = ___ uses ___ to do ___ | ||
* {{t|ca}} = ___ causes ___ | * {{t|ca}} = ___ causes ___ | ||
* {{t|kuı}} = ___ is because ___ | * {{t|kuı}} = ___ is because ___ | ||
* {{t|bu}} = ___ is false | * {{t|bu}} = ___ is false (i.e. "not") | ||
* {{t|le}} = ___ is likely | * {{t|le}} = ___ is likely | ||
* {{t|daı}} = ___ is possible | * {{t|daı}} = ___ is possible | ||
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</div> | </div> | ||
<div | <div class="cheat-sheet-card"> | ||
=== Tenses and aspects === | === Tenses and aspects === | ||
* {{t|pu}} = ___ happened | * {{t|pu}} = ___ happened | ||
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</div> | </div> | ||
<div style=" | <div class="cheat-sheet-card" style="max-width: inherit"> | ||
== Sentence structure == | === Sentence structure === | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
! (Connector) !! (Topic) !! Body !! (Illocution) | ! (Connector) !! (Topic) !! Body !! (Illocution) | ||
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</div> | </div> | ||
<div | <div class="cheat-sheet-card"> | ||
=== Rising tone {{tone|2}} === | === Rising tone {{tone|2}} === | ||
Makes a noun phrase out of the first slot of a verb: | Makes a noun phrase out of the first slot of a verb: | ||
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</div> | </div> | ||
<div | <div class="cheat-sheet-card"> | ||
=== Rising-creaky tone {{tone|3}} === | === Rising-creaky tone {{tone|3}} === | ||
Attaches a relative clause to a preceding noun. | Attaches a relative clause to a preceding noun. | ||
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Inside the phrase, {{t|hóa}} refers to the noun attached to. {{t|cy}} ends the clause. | Inside the phrase, {{t|hóa}} refers to the noun attached to. {{t|cy}} ends the clause. | ||
*{{t|póq düa hóa cy}} = "the people who know" | *{{t|póq düa <u>hóa</u> cy}} = "the people <u>who</u> know" | ||
*{{t|níaı mäı hóa jí cy}} = "the animal who loves me" | *{{t|níaı mäı <u>hóa</u> jí cy}} = "the animal <u>who</u> loves me" | ||
*{{t|níaı mäı jí hóa cy}} = "the animal | *{{t|níaı mäı jí <u>hóa</u> cy}} = "the animal <u>whom</u> I love" | ||
{{t|cy}} is not necessary if the word that immediately follows can terminate the content clause. For example, {{t|cy}} is not needed before {{t|da}} because {{t|da}} already ends the sentence. | |||
</div> | </div> | ||
<div | <div class="cheat-sheet-card"> | ||
=== Falling tone {{tone|4}} === | === Falling tone {{tone|4}} === | ||
Main verb. | Main verb. | ||
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</div> | </div> | ||
<div | <div class="cheat-sheet-card"> | ||
=== Peaking tone {{tone|5}} === | === Peaking tone {{tone|5}} === | ||
Starts a [[content clause]], terminated by {{t|cy}}. | Starts a [[content clause]], terminated by {{t|cy}}. | ||
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*{{t|Dủa jí <u>ôcha jí cy</u> da.}} = "I know that I am human." | *{{t|Dủa jí <u>ôcha jí cy</u> da.}} = "I know that I am human." | ||
*{{t|Keo shảo jí <u>nîaı jí cy</u> da.}} = "But I want to be an animal." | *{{t|Keo shảo jí <u>nîaı jí cy</u> da.}} = "But I want to be an animal." | ||
{{t|cy}} is not always needed for the same reason as the rising-creaky tone {{tone|3}}. | |||
</div> | </div> | ||
<div | <div class="cheat-sheet-card"> | ||
=== Mid-falling tone {{tone|6}} === | === Mid-falling tone {{tone|6}} === | ||
A [[preposition]], which makes an [[adverbial]] with the following noun phrase. | A [[preposition]], which makes an [[adverbial]] with the following noun phrase. | ||
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</div> | </div> | ||
<div | <div class="cheat-sheet-card"> | ||
=== Falling creaky tone {{tone|7}} === | === Falling creaky tone {{tone|7}} === | ||
An [[adverb]]. It can go before or after the arguments to the main verb. | An [[adverb]]. It can go before or after the arguments to the main verb. | ||
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</div> | </div> | ||
<div | <div class="cheat-sheet-card"> | ||
=== Neutral tone {{tone|8}} === | === Neutral tone {{tone|8}} === | ||
Used for function words like illocutions. Pronounced as any tonal "break" with the contour of the last word. | Used for function words like illocutions or determiners. Pronounced as any tonal "break" with the contour of the last word. | ||
</div> | </div> | ||
<div | <div class="cheat-sheet-card"> | ||
== [[Determiner]]s == | === [[Determiner]]s === | ||
Combine with a verb to make a "determiner phrase". | Combine with a verb to make a "determiner phrase". | ||
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</div> | </div> | ||
<div style="max-width: | <div class="cheat-sheet-card" style="max-width: inherit"> | ||
== Conjunctions == | === Conjunctions === | ||
Logical conjunctions connect any parts of speech, with a "logic and/or/xor" meaning: | Logical conjunctions connect any parts of speech, with a "logic and/or/xor" meaning: | ||
* {{t|<u>Gỉ ra dẻ</u> baq kảto da.}} = "Cats are good '''and/or''' beautiful." | * {{t|<u>Gỉ ra dẻ</u> baq kảto da.}} = "Cats are good '''and/or''' beautiful." | ||
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{{t|roı}} is special, and ''combines'' nouns it connects: | {{t|roı}} is special, and ''combines'' nouns it connects: | ||
* {{t|Rẻı <u>súq roı jí</u> múao.}} = "You '''and''' I '''(together)''' surround the tree." | * {{t|Rẻı <u>súq roı jí</u> múao.}} = "You '''and''' I '''(together)''' surround the tree." | ||
{{t|rı}} is used in questions: | |||
* {{t|Kảqgaı súq <u>káto rı kúne</u> moq?}} = "Do you see a cat '''or''' a dog?" | |||
</div> | </div> | ||
<div | <div class="cheat-sheet-card"> | ||
== Quotations and names == | === Quotations and names === | ||
Quotations start with {{t|mo}} and end with {{t|teo}}. | Quotations start with {{t|mo}} and end with {{t|teo}}. | ||
{{t|mı}} is placed before a name. If you are addressing someone, {{t|hu}} should be added before the name. | {{t|mı}} is placed before a name. | ||
If you are addressing someone, {{t|hu}} should be added before the name. | |||
* {{t|Hu mí Hỏemaı, lả hỉo ka}} = "Hello, Hoemaı". | |||
Remember to add some separation between the name and the following sentence with {{t|lả}} or something similar. | |||
</div> | </div> | ||
<div | <div class="cheat-sheet-card"> | ||
== Asking questions == | === Asking questions === | ||
{{t|moq}} is the illocution for asking questions. | {{t|moq}} is the illocution for asking questions. | ||
{{t|mả}} can be used to ask a yes/no question. | {{t|mả}} can be used to ask a yes/no question. | ||
* {{t|Mỉ Hỏemaı súq da.}} = "You are Hoemaı." | |||
* {{t|Mả mỉ Hỏemaı súq moq?}} = "Are you Hoemaı?" | |||
{{t|hı}} 'what, which', {{t|tıopuı}} 'how many' may be used to ask non-yes/no questions. Note that {{t|hı}} is a determiner. | |||
{| style="text-align: left;" | {| style="text-align: left;" | ||
|{{t|Tỉ}} | |{{t|Tỉ}} | ||
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|- | |- | ||
| colspan="7" |"Why did you do that?" | | colspan="7" |"Why did you do that?" | ||
|} | |||
<hr> | |||
{| style="text-align: left;" | |||
|{{t|Tỉopuı}} | |||
|{{t|póq}} | |||
|{{t|moq}} | |||
|{{t|?}} | |||
|- | |||
|how many | |||
|person | |||
|INT | |||
|? | |||
|- | |||
|colspan="4" |"How many people are there?" | |||
|} | |||
<hr> | |||
{| style="text-align: left;" | |||
|{{t|Fả}} | |||
|{{t|tíopuı}} | |||
|{{t|póq}} | |||
|{{t|moq}} | |||
|{{t|?}} | |||
|- | |||
|go | |||
|how many | |||
|person | |||
|INT | |||
|? | |||
|- | |||
|colspan="4" |"How many people went?" | |||
|} | |} | ||
</div> | </div> | ||
<div | <div class="cheat-sheet-card"> | ||
== {{t|po}} == | === {{t|po}} === | ||
Used for showing possession, terminated by {{t|ga}}; "{{t|Pó}} [possessor] {{t|ga}} [possessee]" | Used for showing possession, terminated by {{t|ga}}; "{{t|Pó}} [possessor] {{t|ga}} [possessee]" | ||