Cheat sheet/Gamma: Difference between revisions

From The Toaq Wiki
mNo edit summary
No edit summary
Line 1: Line 1:
== Vocab ==
== Vocab ==
=== Pronouns ===
=== Pronouns ===
* {{t|jı}}: ___ is me
* {{t|jí}} = me
* {{t|suq}}: ___ is you
* {{t|súq}} = you
* {{t|nhao}}: ___ is him/her/them
* {{t|nháo}} = him/her/them
* {{t|muy}}: ___ is me+you
* {{t|múy}} = me+you
* {{t|mıy}}: ___ is me+them
* {{t|míy}} = me+them
* {{t|may}}: ___ is me+you+them
* {{t|máy}} = me+you+them
* {{t|ha}}: ___ is one (impersonal)
* {{t|há}} = one (impersonal)
<br/>
 
* {{t|ho}}: ___ is him/her/them (refers back to an animate word)
These pronouns refer back to words of a certain [[animacy class]]:
* {{t|maq}}: ___ is it (…inanimate word)
* {{t|hó}} = him/her/them (animate)
* {{t|hoq}}: ___ is it (…abstract word)
* {{t|máq}} = it (inanimate)
* {{t|ta}}: ___ is it (…adjective)
* {{t|hóq}} = it (abstract)
* {{t|tá}} = it (adjective)


Attach {{t|-bo}} to pronouns to make genitive words:
Attach {{t|-bo}} to pronouns to make genitive words:
* {{t|jıbo}}: ___ is mine
* {{t|jıbo}} = ___ is mine
* {{t|suqbo}}: ___ is yours
* {{t|suqbo}} = ___ is yours
* {{t|maqbo}}: ___ is its (inanimate)
* {{t|maqbo}} = ___ is its (inanimate)


=== Everyday vocab ===
=== Everyday vocab ===
* {{t|poq}}: ___ is a person
* {{t|poq}} = ___ is a person
* {{t|ocha}}: ___ is a human
* {{t|ocha}} = ___ is a human
* {{t|nıaı}}: ___ is an animal
* {{t|nıaı}} = ___ is an animal
* {{t|deo}}: ___ is a child
* {{t|deo}} = ___ is a child
* {{t|kato}}: ___ is a cat
* {{t|kato}} = ___ is a cat
* {{t|kune}}: ___ is a dog
* {{t|kune}} = ___ is a dog
* {{t|cıe}}: ___ is a fish
* {{t|cıe}} = ___ is a fish
* {{t|hoe}}: ___ is a sun
* {{t|hoe}} = ___ is a sun
* {{t|mıao}}: ___ is a moon
* {{t|mıao}} = ___ is a moon
* {{t|nao}}: ___ is water
* {{t|nao}} = ___ is water
* {{t|haq}}: ___ is food
* {{t|haq}} = ___ is food
* {{t|rua}}: ___ is a flower
* {{t|rua}} = ___ is a flower
<br/>
<br/>
* {{t|maı}}: ___ loves ___
* {{t|maı}} = ___ loves ___
* {{t|paı}}: ___ is a friend of ___
* {{t|paı}} = ___ is a friend of ___
* {{t|cho}}: ___ likes ___
* {{t|cho}} = ___ likes ___
* {{t|hıo}}: ___ greets ___
* {{t|hıo}} = ___ greets ___
* {{t|chuq}}: ___ eats ___
* {{t|chuq}} = ___ eats ___
* {{t|pıe}}: ___ drinks ___
* {{t|pıe}} = ___ drinks ___
* {{t|kuq}}: ___ says ___ to ___
* {{t|kuq}} = ___ says ___ to ___
* {{t|gı}}: ___ is good
* {{t|koy}} = ___ talks to ___
* {{t|huı}}: ___ is bad
* {{t|gı}} = ___ is good
* {{t|kıa}}: ___ is red
* {{t|huı}} = ___ is bad
* {{t|mıo}}: ___ is blue
* {{t|de}} = ___ is beautiful
* {{t|bao}}: ___ is white
* {{t|kıa}} = ___ is red
* {{t|kuo}}: ___ is black
* {{t|mıo}} = ___ is blue
* {{t|tı}}: ___ is at ___
* {{t|bao}} = ___ is white
* {{t|nıe}}: ___ is inside ___
* {{t|kuo}} = ___ is black
* {{t|neo}}: ___ is on top of ___
* {{t|tı}} = ___ is at ___
* {{t|nıe}} = ___ is inside ___
* {{t|neo}} = ___ is on top of ___
<br/>
<br/>
* {{t|toa}}: ___ is a word
* {{t|toa}} = ___ is a word
* {{t|muı}}: ___ is a meaning of ___
* {{t|muı}} = ___ is a meaning of ___
* {{t|toaq}}: ___ is Toaqic
* {{t|toaq}} = ___ is Toaqic
<br/>
<br/>
* {{t|dua}}: ___ knows ___
* {{t|dua}} = ___ knows ___
* {{t|chı}}: ___ believes ___
* {{t|chı}} = ___ believes ___
* {{t|mıu}}: ___ opines ___
* {{t|mıu}} = ___ opines ___
* {{t|gaı}}: ___ senses ___
* {{t|gaı}} = ___ senses ___
* {{t|kuaı}}: ___ longs to do ___
* {{t|kuaı}} = ___ longs to do ___
* {{t|leo}}: ___ tries to do ___
* {{t|leo}} = ___ tries to do ___
* {{t|tua}}: ___ makes ___ happen
* {{t|tua}} = ___ makes ___ happen
* {{t|shao}}: ___ wants ___ to happen
* {{t|shao}} = ___ wants ___ to happen
* {{t|choq}}: ___ uses ___ to do ___
* {{t|choq}} = ___ uses ___ to do ___
<br/>
<br/>
* {{t|ca}}: ___ causes ___
* {{t|ca}} = ___ causes ___
* {{t|kuı}}: ___ is because ___
* {{t|kuı}} = ___ is because ___
* {{t|bu}}: ___ is false
* {{t|bu}} = ___ is false
* {{t|le}}: ___ is likely
* {{t|le}} = ___ is likely
* {{t|daı}}: ___ is possible
* {{t|daı}} = ___ is possible
* {{t|raı}}: ___ is something
* {{t|raı}} = ___ is something
* {{t|nı}}: ___ is this/that
* {{t|nı}} = ___ is this/that
=== Tenses and aspects ===
=== Tenses and aspects ===
* {{t|pu}}: ___ happened
* {{t|pu}} = ___ happened
* {{t|naı}}: ___ happens now
* {{t|naı}} = ___ happens now
* {{t|jıa}}: ___ will happen
* {{t|jıa}} = ___ will happen
* {{t|ceo}}: ___ starts to happen
* {{t|ceo}} = ___ starts to happen
* {{t|chufaq}}: ___ is happening
* {{t|chufaq}} = ___ is happening
* {{t|shaı}}: ___ stops happening
* {{t|shaı}} = ___ stops happening
* {{t|shıu}}: ___ happens before ___
* {{t|shıu}} = ___ happens before ___
* {{t|rao}}: ___ happens during ___
* {{t|rao}} = ___ happens during ___
* {{t|bıe}}: ___ happens after ___
* {{t|bıe}} = ___ happens after ___
* {{t|nıqguo}}: ___ happens again
* {{t|nıqguo}} = ___ happens again
* {{t|he}}: ___ is gnomically true
* {{t|he}} = ___ is gnomically true


== Sentence structure ==
== Sentence structure ==
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
! Je !! háq bı !! gỉ máq jìe jí !! da.
! (Connector) !! (Topic) !! Body !! (Illocution)
|-
| {{t|Je,}} (Well,)
| rowspan="5" | {{t|háq bı,}}
| rowspan="5" | {{t|gỉ máq jìe nháo}}
| {{t|da.}} (statement)
|-
| {{t|Keo,}} (However,)
| {{t|moq?}} (question)
|-
|-
| Connector || Topic || Body '''(required)''' || Illocution
| {{t|Tıu,}} (So,)
| {{t|ba.}} (wish)
|-
| {{t|Nhu,}} (Anyway,)
| {{t|nha.}} (promise)
|}
|}
* Connector: {{t|je}} (new topic), {{t|keo}} (but), {{t|tıu}} (so)…
* Topic: terms the sentence is about, then {{t|bı}}
* Body: main verb, followed by terms (subject, object…)
* Illocution: {{t|da}} (statement), {{t|moq}} (question), {{t|ba}} (wish), {{t|nha}} (promise)…


== Tones ==
== Tones ==
Line 122: Line 132:


=== Mid-falling tone {{tone|6}} ===
=== Mid-falling tone {{tone|6}} ===
A [[preposition]], which makes an [[adverbial]] with the following noun phrase.
It can go before or after the arguments to the main verb.
* {{t|nèo míao}} = "on the moon"
* {{t|Kỏy jí súq <u>nèo míao</u>.}} = "I talk to you on the moon."
* {{t|Mảı jí súq <u>kùı pâı súq jí</u>.}} = "I love you because you are my friend."
=== Falling creaky tone {{tone|7}} ===
=== Falling creaky tone {{tone|7}} ===
An [[adverb]]. It can go before or after the arguments to the main verb.
* {{t|dãı}} = "possibly"
* {{t|Chỉ hó hóq <u>dãı</u> da.}} = "They possibly believe it."
=== Neutral tone {{tone|8}} ===
=== Neutral tone {{tone|8}} ===
Used for function words like illocutions. Pronounced as any tonal "break" with the contour of the last word.
== [[Determiners]] ==
Combine with a verb to make a "determiner phrase".
{| class="wikitable"
! {{t|sa cỉe}} || a/some fish
|-
! {{t|tu cỉe}} || every fish
|-
! {{t|sıa cỉe}} || no fish
|-
! {{t|ke cỉe}} || the fish
|-
! {{t|[[baq]] cỉe}} || fish
|-
! {{t|hı cỉe}} || which fish?
|}
Or you can omit the verb: {{t|sa}} = "something", {{t|sıa}} = "nothing"…


== Determiners ==
sa, sia, tu, baq, hoi
== Conjunctions ==
== Conjunctions ==
ru, ra, ro
* {{t|<u>Gỉ ra dẻ</u> baq kảto da.}} = "Cats are good '''and/or''' beautiful."
* {{t|<u>Gỉ ro hủı</u> baq hảq da.}} = "Food is '''either''' good '''or''' bad."
* {{t|Rẻı <u>súq ru jí</u> múao.}} = "You '''and''' I surround the tree." (Both I do, and you do.)
* {{t|Rẻı <u>súq roı jí</u> múao.}} = "You '''and''' I (together) surround the tree."
 
== Quotations and names ==
== Quotations and names ==
mo, teo, mi
mo, teo, mi

Revision as of 21:24, 5 February 2022

Vocab

Pronouns

  • jí = me
  • súq = you
  • nháo = him/her/them
  • múy = me+you
  • míy = me+them
  • máy = me+you+them
  • há = one (impersonal)

These pronouns refer back to words of a certain animacy class:

  • hó = him/her/them (animate)
  • máq = it (inanimate)
  • hóq = it (abstract)
  • tá = it (adjective)

Attach -bo to pronouns to make genitive words:

  • jıbo = ___ is mine
  • suqbo = ___ is yours
  • maqbo = ___ is its (inanimate)

Everyday vocab

  • poq = ___ is a person
  • ocha = ___ is a human
  • nıaı = ___ is an animal
  • deo = ___ is a child
  • kato = ___ is a cat
  • kune = ___ is a dog
  • cıe = ___ is a fish
  • hoe = ___ is a sun
  • mıao = ___ is a moon
  • nao = ___ is water
  • haq = ___ is food
  • rua = ___ is a flower


  • maı = ___ loves ___
  • paı = ___ is a friend of ___
  • cho = ___ likes ___
  • hıo = ___ greets ___
  • chuq = ___ eats ___
  • pıe = ___ drinks ___
  • kuq = ___ says ___ to ___
  • koy = ___ talks to ___
  • gı = ___ is good
  • huı = ___ is bad
  • de = ___ is beautiful
  • kıa = ___ is red
  • mıo = ___ is blue
  • bao = ___ is white
  • kuo = ___ is black
  • tı = ___ is at ___
  • nıe = ___ is inside ___
  • neo = ___ is on top of ___


  • toa = ___ is a word
  • muı = ___ is a meaning of ___
  • toaq = ___ is Toaqic


  • dua = ___ knows ___
  • chı = ___ believes ___
  • mıu = ___ opines ___
  • gaı = ___ senses ___
  • kuaı = ___ longs to do ___
  • leo = ___ tries to do ___
  • tua = ___ makes ___ happen
  • shao = ___ wants ___ to happen
  • choq = ___ uses ___ to do ___


  • ca = ___ causes ___
  • kuı = ___ is because ___
  • bu = ___ is false
  • le = ___ is likely
  • daı = ___ is possible
  • raı = ___ is something
  • nı = ___ is this/that

Tenses and aspects

  • pu = ___ happened
  • naı = ___ happens now
  • jıa = ___ will happen
  • ceo = ___ starts to happen
  • chufaq = ___ is happening
  • shaı = ___ stops happening
  • shıu = ___ happens before ___
  • rao = ___ happens during ___
  • bıe = ___ happens after ___
  • nıqguo = ___ happens again
  • he = ___ is gnomically true

Sentence structure

(Connector) (Topic) Body (Illocution)
Je, (Well,) háq bı, gỉ máq jìe nháo da. (statement)
Keo, (However,) moq? (question)
Tıu, (So,) ba. (wish)
Nhu, (Anyway,) nha. (promise)

Tones

Rising tone rising tone

Makes a noun phrase out of a verb: póq "the person(s)", cá "the cause(s)"

Rising-creaky tone rising-creaky tone

Attaches a relative clause to a preceding noun.

Inside the phrase, hóa refers to the noun attached to. cy ends the clause.

  • póq düa hóa cy = "the people who know"
  • níaı mäı hóa jí cy = "the animal who loves me"
  • níaı mäı jí hóa cy = "the animal who I love (it)"

Falling tone falling tone

Main verb.

  • Mảı jí súq da. = "I love you."

Peaking tone rising-falling tone

Starts a content clause, terminated by cy.

  • ôcha jí cy = "that I am human"
  • Dủa jí ôcha jí cy da. = "I know that I am human."
  • Keo shảo jí nîaı jí cy da. = "But I want to be an animal."

Mid-falling tone mid-falling tone

A preposition, which makes an adverbial with the following noun phrase.

It can go before or after the arguments to the main verb.

  • nèo míao = "on the moon"
  • Kỏy jí súq nèo míao. = "I talk to you on the moon."
  • Mảı jí súq kùı pâı súq jí. = "I love you because you are my friend."

Falling creaky tone falling creaky tone

An adverb. It can go before or after the arguments to the main verb.

  • dãı = "possibly"
  • Chỉ hó hóq dãı da. = "They possibly believe it."

Neutral tone neutral tone

Used for function words like illocutions. Pronounced as any tonal "break" with the contour of the last word.

Determiners

Combine with a verb to make a "determiner phrase".

sa cỉe a/some fish
tu cỉe every fish
sıa cỉe no fish
ke cỉe the fish
baq cỉe fish
hı cỉe which fish?

Or you can omit the verb: sa = "something", sıa = "nothing"…

Conjunctions

  • Gỉ ra dẻ baq kảto da. = "Cats are good and/or beautiful."
  • Gỉ ro hủı baq hảq da. = "Food is either good or bad."
  • Rẻı súq ru jí múao. = "You and I surround the tree." (Both I do, and you do.)
  • Rẻı súq roı jí múao. = "You and I (together) surround the tree."

Quotations and names

mo, teo, mi

Asking questions

ma, hi, ri, moq

po

Properties

ja in rising-falling tone

Retrieved from "https://toaq.me/index.php?title=Cheat_sheet/Gamma&oldid=325"