Cheat sheet/Gamma

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Vocab

Exophoric pronouns

  • : ___ is me
  • suq: ___ is you
  • nhao: ___ is him/her/them
  • muy: ___ is me+you
  • mıy: ___ is me+them
  • may: ___ is me+you+them
  • ha: ___ is one (impersonal)

Anaphoric pronouns

  • ho: ___ is them (refers back to an animate word)
  • maq: ___ is it (…inanimate word)
  • hoq: ___ is it (…abstract word)
  • ta: ___ is it (…adjective)

Attach -bo to pronouns to make genitive words:

  • jıbo: ___ is mine
  • suqbo: ___ is yours
  • maqbo: ___ is its (inanimate)

Everyday vocab

  • poq: ___ is a person
  • ocha: ___ is a human
  • nıaı: ___ is an animal
  • deo: ___ is a child
  • kato: ___ is a cat
  • kune: ___ is a dog
  • cıe: ___ is a fish
  • hoe: ___ is a sun
  • mıao: ___ is a moon
  • nao: ___ is water
  • haq: ___ is food
  • rua: ___ is a flower


  • maı: ___ loves ___
  • paı: ___ is a friend of ___
  • cho: ___ likes ___
  • hıo: ___ greets ___
  • chuq: ___ eats ___
  • pıe: ___ drinks ___
  • kuq: ___ says ___ to ___
  • : ___ is good
  • huı: ___ is bad
  • kıa: ___ is red
  • mıo: ___ is blue
  • bao: ___ is white
  • kuo: ___ is black
  • : ___ is at ___
  • nıe: ___ is inside ___
  • neo: ___ is on top of ___


  • toa: ___ is a word
  • muı: ___ is a meaning of ___
  • toaq: ___ is Toaqic


  • dua: ___ knows ___
  • chı: ___ believes ___
  • mıu: ___ opines ___
  • gaı: ___ senses ___
  • kuaı: ___ longs to do ___
  • leo: ___ tries to do ___
  • tua: ___ makes ___ happen
  • shao: ___ wants ___ to happen
  • choq: ___ uses ___ to do ___


  • ca: ___ causes ___
  • kuı: ___ is because ___
  • bu: ___ is false
  • le: ___ is likely
  • daı: ___ is possible
  • raı: ___ is something
  • : ___ is this/that

Tenses and aspects

  • pu: ___ happened
  • naı: ___ happens now
  • jıa: ___ will happen
  • ceo: ___ starts to happen
  • chufaq: ___ is happening
  • shaı: ___ stops happening
  • shıu: ___ happens before ___
  • rao: ___ happens during ___
  • bıe: ___ happens after ___
  • nıqguo: ___ happens again
  • he: ___ is gnomically true

Sentence structure

Je háq bı gỉ máq jìe jí da.
Connector Topic Body (required) Illocution
  • Connector: je (new topic), keo (but), tıu (so)…
  • Topic: terms the sentence is about, then
  • Body: main verb, followed by terms (subject, object…)
  • Illocution: da (statement), moq (question), ba (wish), nha (promise)…

Tones

Rising tone  

Makes a noun phrase out of a verb: póq "the person(s)", "the cause(s)"

Rising-creaky tone  

Attaches a relative clause to a preceding noun.

Inside the phrase, hóa refers to the noun attached to. cy ends the clause.

  • póq düa hóa cy = "the people who know"
  • níaı mäı hóa jí cy = "the animal who loves me"
  • níaı mäı jí hóa cy = "the animal who I love (it)"

Falling tone  

Main verb.

  • Mảı jí súq da. = "I love you."

Peaking tone  

Starts a content clause, terminated by cy.

  • ôcha jí cy = "that I am human"
  • Dủa jí ôcha jí cy da. = "I know that I am human."
  • Keo shảo jí nîaı jí cy da. = "But I want to be an animal."

Mid-falling tone  

Falling creaky tone  

Neutral tone  

Determiners

sa, sia, tu, baq, hoi

Conjunctions

ru, ra, ro

Quotations and names

mo, teo, mi

Asking questions

ma, hi, ri, moq

po

Properties

ja in