705
edits
Copula: Difference between revisions
m
add link to definite in one more place
mNo edit summary |
m (add link to definite in one more place) |
||
| (4 intermediate revisions by 2 users not shown) | |||
| Line 14: | Line 14: | ||
=== {{t|jeı}} – the identity copula === | === {{t|jeı}} – the identity copula === | ||
Sometimes, you might run into a situation where you’re talking about two things, and it turns out that those two things are the same, and you want to state that they’re the same – conflate their identities. This form of <i>is</i> is only meant to appear when both noun phrases refer to singular concrete entities and not classes (so <i>the apple</i> or <i>this apple here</i> but not <i>apples</i>). | Sometimes, you might run into a situation where you’re talking about two things, and it turns out that those two things are the same, and you want to state that they’re the same – conflate their identities. This form of <i>is</i> is only meant to appear when both noun phrases refer to singular concrete entities and not classes (so [[definite]] phrases like <i>the apple</i> or <i>this apple here</i> but not <i>apples</i>). | ||
So imagine this situation: your friend is talking about her friend, who she calls {{t|{{orange|mí Jenı}}}}. You are talking about your crush, who you call {{t|{{green|mí Junı}}}}. You exchange statements about the two, both thinking that you’re talking about two different people, when at some point it turns out that you’d misheard {{orange|Jennie}}’s name as {{green|Junie}} when she’d been introducing herself to you for the first time and that name has stuck in your head. So your friend is like: | So imagine this situation: your friend is talking about her friend, who she calls {{t|{{orange|mí Jenı}}}}. You are talking about your crush, who you call {{t|{{green|mí Junı}}}}. You exchange statements about the two, both thinking that you’re talking about two different people, when at some point it turns out that you’d misheard {{orange|Jennie}}’s name as {{green|Junie}} when she’d been introducing herself to you for the first time and that name has stuck in your head. So your friend is like: | ||
| Line 20: | Line 20: | ||
<blockquote><poem> | <blockquote><poem> | ||
{{t|Kéo ꝡa {{orange|'''jeı''' mí Jenı}} {{green|mí Junı}} ꝡo!}} | {{t|Kéo ꝡa {{orange|'''jeı''' mí Jenı}} {{green|mí Junı}} ꝡo!}} | ||
But {{green|Junie}} '''is''' | But {{green|Junie}} {{orange|'''is''' Jennie}}! | ||
<small><i>More pedantically:</i> But {{green|“Junie”}} and {{orange|“Jennie”}} refer to the same thing!</small> | <small><i>More pedantically:</i> But {{green|“Junie”}} and {{orange|“Jennie”}} refer to the same thing!</small> | ||
</poem></blockquote> | </poem></blockquote> | ||
| Line 30: | Line 30: | ||
In general, if you’ve got two [[definite]] [[noun|noun phrases]], you can conflate their identities like this. <i>The apple I ate is not the apple you ate</i> could be {{t|Bu jeı shámu bọchuq sûq shámu bọchuq jî}}. <i>This person <i>[I’m pointing at]</i> is Björk <i>[that artist you already know]</i></i> could be {{t|Jeı kú mí Björk ní poq}}. | In general, if you’ve got two [[definite]] [[noun|noun phrases]], you can conflate their identities like this. <i>The apple I ate is not the apple you ate</i> could be {{t|Bu jeı shámu bọchuq sûq shámu bọchuq jî}}. <i>This person <i>[I’m pointing at]</i> is Björk <i>[that artist you already know]</i></i> could be {{t|Jeı kú mí Björk ní poq}}. | ||
=== {{t|eq}} and {{t|ıq}} – the | === {{t|eq}} and {{t|ıq}} – the kind and predicate copulas === | ||
Let’s look at the definitions of the two: | Let’s look at the definitions of the two: | ||
; {{t|eq|}}: {{x}} is [an instance of] {{x}} (usually a kind). | ; {{t|eq|}}: {{x}} is [an instance of] {{x}} (usually a kind). | ||
; {{t|ıq|}}: {{x}} satisfies property {{x}}. | ; {{t|ıq|}}: {{x}} satisfies property {{x}}. | ||
The two are useful | |||
==== With pronouns ==== | |||
The two are useful when you’ve got a [[pronoun]] pointing at a [[kind]] or [[property]] and you’d like to apply it to something. For example, imagine your friend says | |||
<blockquote><poem> | <blockquote><poem> | ||
{{t|He leo gıtoı jí báq toıgı da.}} | {{t|He leo gıtoı jí báq toıgı da.}} | ||
| Line 45: | Line 47: | ||
</poem></blockquote> | </poem></blockquote> | ||
And then {{t|ıq}} works similarly, but with properties. So for instance, if you wanted to refer to a property as {{t|hú}} or {{t|hụ́la}}, then you’d use {{t|ıq}} to apply it to an object (since it can’t just be turned into a verb). | And then {{t|ıq}} works similarly, but with properties. So for instance, if you wanted to refer to a property as {{t|hú}} or {{t|hụ́la}}, then you’d use {{t|ıq}} to apply it to an object (since it can’t just be turned into a verb). | ||
Or maybe you've fronted a property, in which case you combine {{t|ıq}} with {{t|hóa}}: | |||
{{Example|Lä mıe já dâqmıq, nä ıq sía req hóa.|To live eternally is something no human does.}} | |||
==== Quantifying over properties ==== | |||
One idiom is to combine {{t|ıq}} with quantifiers: | |||
{{Example|Joaı jí sá tuaja ru tucaı ru cheaqgı.|I'm looking for someone courageous, strong, and trustworthy.}} | |||
{{Example|Iq jí sía nu da!|I satisfy no such properties! (I'm nothing like that!)}} | |||
{{Example|Jeha ıq súq ní saq da.|You ''do'' satisfy these three. (You ''are'' those three things.)}} | |||
==== Combining {{t|eq}} and {{t|ꝡë}} ==== | |||
Another idiom is to use {{t|eq}} with a kind and a relative clause. | |||
{{Example|báq chıeche, ꝡë faı hạoguaırıeq hóa|students that often procrastinate}} | |||
{{Example|Eq nháo báq chıeche, ꝡë faı hạoguaırıeq hóa.|He's one of those students that often procrastinate.}} | |||
==== Using {{t|îq}} ==== | |||
You can create arbitrarily complex eventive adverbials using {{t|îq lä…}} | |||
{{Example|Kuq nháo sá de îq, lä âo, ꝡä tı súq ní, nä ca {{green|já}}, ꝡä roq súq.|They said something beautiful — if you were there {{green|it}} would've made you cry.}} | |||