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Copula: Difference between revisions
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=== {{t|jeı}} – the identity copula === | === {{t|jeı}} – the identity copula === | ||
Sometimes, you might run into a situation where you’re talking about two things, and it turns out that those two things are the same, and you want to state that they’re the same – conflate their identities. This form of <i>is</i> is only meant to appear when both noun phrases refer to singular concrete entities and not classes (so <i>the apple</i> or <i>this apple here</i> but not <i>apples</i>). | Sometimes, you might run into a situation where you’re talking about two things, and it turns out that those two things are the same, and you want to state that they’re the same – conflate their identities. This form of <i>is</i> is only meant to appear when both noun phrases refer to singular concrete entities and not classes (so [[definite]] phrases like <i>the apple</i> or <i>this apple here</i> but not <i>apples</i>). | ||
So imagine this situation: your friend is talking about her friend, who she calls {{t|{{orange|mí Jenı}}}}. You are talking about your crush, who you call {{t|{{green|mí Junı}}}}. You exchange statements about the two, both thinking that you’re talking about two different people, when at some point it turns out that you’d misheard {{orange|Jennie}}’s name as {{green|Junie}} when she’d been introducing herself to you for the first time and that name has stuck in your head. So your friend is like: | So imagine this situation: your friend is talking about her friend, who she calls {{t|{{orange|mí Jenı}}}}. You are talking about your crush, who you call {{t|{{green|mí Junı}}}}. You exchange statements about the two, both thinking that you’re talking about two different people, when at some point it turns out that you’d misheard {{orange|Jennie}}’s name as {{green|Junie}} when she’d been introducing herself to you for the first time and that name has stuck in your head. So your friend is like: | ||
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<blockquote><poem> | <blockquote><poem> | ||
{{t|Kéo ꝡa {{orange|'''jeı''' mí Jenı}} {{green|mí Junı}} ꝡo!}} | {{t|Kéo ꝡa {{orange|'''jeı''' mí Jenı}} {{green|mí Junı}} ꝡo!}} | ||
But {{green|Junie}} '''is''' | But {{green|Junie}} {{orange|'''is''' Jennie}}! | ||
<small><i>More pedantically:</i> But {{green|“Junie”}} and {{orange|“Jennie”}} refer to the same thing!</small> | <small><i>More pedantically:</i> But {{green|“Junie”}} and {{orange|“Jennie”}} refer to the same thing!</small> | ||
</poem></blockquote> | </poem></blockquote> | ||
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</poem></blockquote> | </poem></blockquote> | ||
And then {{t|ıq}} works similarly, but with properties. So for instance, if you wanted to refer to a property as {{t|hú}} or {{t|hụ́la}}, then you’d use {{t|ıq}} to apply it to an object (since it can’t just be turned into a verb). | And then {{t|ıq}} works similarly, but with properties. So for instance, if you wanted to refer to a property as {{t|hú}} or {{t|hụ́la}}, then you’d use {{t|ıq}} to apply it to an object (since it can’t just be turned into a verb). | ||
Or maybe you've fronted a property, in which case you combine {{t|ıq}} with {{t|hóa}}: | |||
{{Example|Lä mıe já dâqmıq, nä ıq sía req hóa.|To live eternally is something no human does.}} | |||
==== Quantifying over properties ==== | ==== Quantifying over properties ==== | ||
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You can create arbitrarily complex eventive adverbials using {{t|îq lä…}} | You can create arbitrarily complex eventive adverbials using {{t|îq lä…}} | ||
{{Example|Kuq nháo sá de îq, lä âo, ꝡä tı súq ní, nä ca {{green| | {{Example|Kuq nháo sá de îq, lä âo, ꝡä tı súq ní, nä ca {{green|já}}, ꝡä roq súq.|They said something beautiful — if you were there {{green|it}} would've made you cry.}} | ||