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= Preface = | |||
All living languages, constructed or natural, have a tendency to fluctuate organically. A conlang like Toaq is by its very nature [[wikipedia:linguistic prescription|prescribed]] by its author (see [[Reference grammar|reference grammar]]). While the inherent prescriptiveness of loglangs ([https://loglangs.wiki/Definitions_of_loglanghood whatever they are]) does mean that there will always be a discernible “barrier” between the official and the unofficial, this does not mean that the prescriptive standard cannot embrace features found within the community over time. | |||
Unofficial features may improve the language’s ergonomics by experimentation, and may eventually become adopted officially if they prove useful. Others may not gain traction, or be outright dismissed by the community or [[Hoemaı|the language's author]]. In Toaq, unlike some other loglang communities, rejected features typically die out rather than form discrete dialects used by paticular members. The creator of Toaq has himself put forth several proposals with the intention that the community test them, and even some of those have not stood the test of time. | |||
This page documents unofficial, experimental features of the language. Each particular feature is not elaborated upon beyond what is necessary to grasp the gist of it. This is not a discussion page nor a soapbox (try [[Discord]] instead), and is intended as a historical, at-a-glance document. | |||
= Live proposals = | = Live proposals = | ||
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=== Redefinitions === | === Redefinitions === | ||
==== {{t|soq}}, {{t|suı}} ==== | |||
officially ''{{x}} is the most [least] in property {{x}}''{{t|||#1MvFSwe-Fr}}{{t|||#yapw013t4Z}} | |||
* ''{{x}} is the singular least [most] among the however many most ''[least]'' in property {{x}}'' (2021-09, [[xorxes]] et al.) – preserves the x₂ of the original definition by relying on the cardinality being expressed in the x₃. Convenient with left grouping (see [[#Serial predicate composition|below]]). | |||
* ''{{x}} satisfies property {{x}} the most [least]'' (2022-01, [[uakci]]{{t|||#8FtyCn9fR}}) – attributive, not predicative; {{t|suı}} is not an exact opposite of {{t|soq}} (as it is not alienans; use {{t|soq bủ}} appropriately) | |||
* ''{{x}}, among {{x}}, is the {{x}}-est'' ([[hoaqgıo]]{{t|||#yXBeLlHeW}}) – convenient in serial usage. Will probably be the one replace the status quo given [[Frame#Table of serial frames|the serial verb simplification pending | |||
==== {{t|ko}} ==== | |||
officially ''{{x}} is N-th amongst {{x}}, where N = {{x}}, in property {{x}}''{{t|||#YYMrd1k62i}} | |||
* ''{{x}} is {{x}}-th amongst {{x}}'' (2021, [[Hoemaı]], probably, given the new hard cap of 3 slots) | |||
* ''{{x}} is the last amongst the {{x}} (number) most {{x}} (property).'' (2021-09, [[xorxes]]{{t|||#_s7CDnVtp}}) | |||
==== {{t|mu}} ==== | |||
officially ''{{x}} satisfies relation {{x}} with the slots swapped''{{t|||#5zQkF82U9w}} | |||
* ''{{x}} satisfies the converse of relation {{x}}; {{x}} and {{x}} satisfy the converse of relation {{x}}'' (2021, [[Ntsékees]]{{t|||#BDcrdhZWs}} et al.) | |||
=== Determiner-like predicates === | === Determiner-like predicates === | ||
Some of the above could be turned into [[determiner]]s, since they pass ''the {{t|tuq}} test'': (in older Toaq,) {{t|ke tủq hỏa}} ≡ {{t|sa tủq hỏa}} ≡ {{t|tu tủq hỏa}}, hence {{t|tuq}} is determiner-like (and has been turned into a determiner with the release of [[Toaq γ]]). | Some of the above could be turned into [[determiner]]s, since they pass ''the {{t|tuq}} test'': (in older Toaq,) {{t|ke tủq hỏa}} ≡ {{t|sa tủq hỏa}} ≡ {{t|tu tủq hỏa}}, hence {{t|tuq}} is determiner-like (and has been turned into a determiner with the release of [[Toaq γ]]). | ||
==== {{t|cuaq}} ==== | |||
officially ''{{x}} is the idea of satisfying property {{x}}''{{t|||#SDgMdMcddw}} | |||
* ''{{x}} is the property of satisfying property {{x}}.'' 2021-2022, [[uakci]] et al. | |||
==== {{t|peı}} ==== | |||
* ''{{x}} is the number representing the cardinality of {{x}}''{{t|||#EW44Y4NoP}} | |||
=== Additions to the core vocabulary/lexicosemantics === | === Additions to the core vocabulary/lexicosemantics === | ||
==== {{t|puoq||#f--unNNjd}} ==== | |||
''{{x}} is for purpose {{x}}'' (2021-09-18, [[Seoqrea]]) | |||
==== {{t|sıy||#ONzdI-jV6}}, {{t|fay||#spTVywkdY}} ==== | |||
''{{x}} is an event with {{x}} as its source [destination]'' (2021-10, [[uakci]]) | |||
== Grammatical features == | == Grammatical features == | ||
=== Particles extending existing classes === | === Particles extending existing classes === | ||
==== {{class|da|illocutions}} ==== | |||
===== {{t|kâ||#tObOJdaIg}} ===== | |||
sloppy declarative illocution; does not require the speech act to be the direct cause of the proposition stated (2021-09-10, [[uakci]]) | |||
===== {{t|shôu||#YMaThxHA-}} ===== | |||
offerative illocution (2022-02, [[seoqrea]]) | |||
===== {{t|sou||#U6SM_6jVM}} ==== | |||
non-literal, non-assertive, “consider this” illocution (2022-02-07, [[magı]]; previously {{t|so}}) (2021-09-27 [[uakci]]) | |||
===== {{t|daha||#JYpK8cMJq}}, {{t|moho||#CMa--GYOH}} ===== | |||
humorous {{t|da, moq}} (2022-02-15, [[Ntsékees]]) | |||
==== {{class|ru|conjunctions}} ==== | |||
===== {{t|huq}} ===== | |||
‘not X, but rather Y’ (2018, [[Ntsékees]]) – useful for corrections | |||
===== {{t|re}} ===== | |||
‘iff’ (2018, [[Ntsékees]]) | |||
===== {{t|buru}} ===== | |||
‘not X and Y’ | |||
===== {{t|rubu}} ===== | |||
‘X and not Y’ (2021) | |||
==== {{class|po|object-incorporating particles}} ==== | |||
===== {{t|lo||#rT9pcYG57}} ===== | |||
''{{x}} is a repetition/instance of X''; {{class|po|object-incorporating particles}}-class equivalent of {{t|guo}} (2021-08-04; [[hoaqgıo]]) | |||
==== {{class|bı|prenex terminator}} ==== | |||
===== {{t|bıbı}}, {{t|bına}} ===== | |||
signal the beginning and end of the scope of a multi-sentence prenex (2018-03, [[Ntsékees]]) | |||
==== {{class|la|complementizers}} ==== | |||
===== {{t|so||#XMTv7iECL}} ===== | |||
signals non-polar question in forethought (2022-02, [[magı]]) | |||
=== Predicate-like particles; predicatizers === | === Predicate-like particles; predicatizers === | ||
==== {{t|poı}} ==== | |||
(2017-10, originally proposed by [[Hoemaı]]) | |||
As a plain predicate: ''{{x}} is an event whose first-slot participant also satisfies property {{x}}''{{t|||#2487EMdnD}}. Requires so-called [[structure-preserving propositions]] to function. As a particle: {{t|pòı}} and {{t|põı}} used to be official particles until [?] happened. | |||
==== {{t|po}} in {{class|mı|naming particles}} ==== | |||
(2021-11, [[uakci]]) | |||
Make {{t|po}} accept all kinds of phrases – like {{t|mı, mıru}}, unlike {{t|mea, jeı}} – including prepositionals ({{t|po nèo tóqfua ga kủe}} ‘book on the table’) as well as elliptical “phrases” ({{t|chỉ jí pó bũ}} ‘I think not’). | |||
=== Serial predicate composition === | === Serial predicate composition === | ||
==== Head-initial composition ==== | |||
(2019<ref group=ref name="xorxes-left-grouping"/>, spearheaded by [[xorxes]]) | |||
Define the serial composition relation ∘ as left-associative. This brings benefits in more complicated constructs where filling two slots one at a time is necessary. | |||
==== Numeric predicate interactions ==== | |||
(2018-03, various people, notably [[Ntsékees]], [[Seoqrea]], [[uakci]]) | |||
A restricted version of the above: define some predicates as numeral-consuming and group them tight with following numerals, e.g., {{t|((ko shỉ) pảq)}}. | |||
; <i>See [https://docs.google.com/document/d/1SKcQDRhTIaRXyPQO-5vt1TtmGyrleW3zAp8gebIs3vc/edit Ntsékees’ detailed document on Toaq number system proposals] for more.</i> | |||
=== New grammatical productions === | === New grammatical productions === | ||
==== Focus tag maker {{t|ku}} ==== | |||
(2018-11, [[uakci]]) | |||
Originally {{t|meq}}; consumes a predicate to turn into a focus marker ({{class|ku|focus tag}} class – like {{t|ku, mao, tou, juaq}}). | |||
==== {{class|sâ|determiners}} in pre-complementizer position ==== | |||
(2021-11-09, [[Lynn]]) | |||
{{class|sa|determiners}} may precede {{abbr|la|complementizers}} in a clause. Such determiners take {{tone|5}} in a content clause and {{tone|3}} in a relative clause. They quantify instances of an event – i.e., {{t|sâ pảı}} is ‘some friendship’, while {{t|bâq pảı}} is ‘instances of friendship in the abstract’. Canonically, {{t|bâq hảo}} is interpreted as the {{t|guo₂}} version of {{t|lâ hảo}}. | |||
= Accepted proposals = | = Accepted proposals = | ||
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=== Particles extending existing classes === | === Particles extending existing classes === | ||
==== {{class|hu|vocatives}} ==== | |||
===== {{t|jıy||#AiF-mbYS8}} ===== | |||
self-identification particle, ''I am {{x}}'', {{t|hu}}’s converse (2020-02-08, [[Hoemaı]] et al.) | |||
= Dead proposals = | = Dead proposals = | ||
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=== Particles extending existing classes === | === Particles extending existing classes === | ||
==== {{class|po|object-incorporating particles}} ==== | |||
===== {{t|deı||#i9fWapkku}} ===== | |||
''{{x}}, {{x}}, {{x}}… satisfy relation X'' | |||
===== {{t|loao||#irTpBtujm}} ===== | |||
''property {{x}} is satisfied by X'' (2019-02-18; [[hoaqgıo]]) | |||
==== {{class|mu}} ==== | |||
(the no longer extant class of predicate modifiers) | |||
===== {{t|doı||#pTN8Ky42d}} ===== | |||
forces the highest arity in a predicate (2018-11). Inactive by virtue of [[Hoemaı]]’s inclusion of {{t|doı|{{x}} respects {{x}}|#jdaIe8i6fU}} | |||
==== {{class|hu|vocatives}} ==== | |||
===== {{t|so}} – attitudinal particle ===== | |||
turns following phrase into an ad-hoc interjection, such as {{t|so jảı}} ‘yay!’ (2018, [[Ntsékees]]) | |||
==== {{class|da|illocutions}} ==== | |||
===== {{t|pa}} ===== | |||
signal that one’s part has been concluded (2021, [[uakci]]) | |||
=== New grammatical productions === | === New grammatical productions === | ||
==== Conjunctivizer {{t|jıoı}} ==== | |||
(2019-02-20, [[Ntsékees]]) | |||
For any binary predicate phrase {{t|hảo}}, {{t|jıoı hảo ga}} constitutes a conjunction that feeds both “branches” of a sentence to {{t|hảo}}. Specifically, {{t|nủ shí jıoı hảo ga gú}} ≡ {{t|hảo nû shí cy nû gú}}. | |||
==== {{class|raı|predicates}} {{class|go|place tags}} {{class|raı|predicates}} ==== | |||
(2018-11, [[uakci]]) | |||
Redundant to the present-day [[genitival serial]] construction. | |||
=== Make one thing work like another thing === | === Make one thing work like another thing === | ||
==== {{class|sa|predicates}} in {{class|raı|determiners}} ==== | |||
(2019, [[uakci]]) | |||
==== {{t|hı, co}} in {{class|la|complementizers}} ==== | |||
(2019-03, [[uakci]]) | |||
==== {{t|bı}} in {{class|da|illocutions}} ==== | |||
(2021, [[uakci]]) | |||
{{t|bı}} as an illocution would function as a general ‘offering up to discourse’ particle. | |||
=== Serial predicate composition === | === Serial predicate composition === | ||
==== Predicate-consuming slots ==== | |||
(2019-04, [[uakci]]) | |||
Certain verbs would subordinate entire predicates, consuming all of their places. Originally motivated by {{t|jane|{{x}} is the arity of predicate {{x}}|#SyvvCRFbE}}. | |||
== Notes == | == Notes == | ||