Focus–cleft merger

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This proposal, which may colloquially be termed the proposal, wishes to merge these seemingly heterogeneous features together: focus, topic, clefts. In short, it does this by allowing focus markers to conjugate into clefts (), and then runs the logic the opposite way to arrive at .

Focus marker clefts

We’ll be assuming the Simple Focus proposal applies. It makes all focus markers always bear rising tone, displacing the complex and incomplete rules found in the refgram. It also frees glottal tone for us, which will be useful right below:

Essentially, allow focus phrase, with exactly the same semantics as focusphrase. hóa is still bound in case of a noun phrase. Examples examples:

Máoja kü chuq jí hóa
[= Kú máoja nä chuq jí hóa]
[= Chuq jí kú máoja]
‘It is the banana I’m eating’
Báq kanı tö deq peo hóa ní chuao
[= Tó báq kanı nä deq peo hóa ní chuao]
[= Deq peo tó báq kanı ní chuao]
‘Only rabbits can slip through this hole’
Ní chuao jüaq deq peo báq kanı hóa
[= Júaq ní chuao nä deq peo báq kanı hóa]
[= Deq peo báq kanı júaq ní chuao]
‘It is even this hole that rabbits are able to pass’
He râo báq kıachaq bëı loı jí tú
[= He, ꝡä béı râo báq kıachaq nä loı jí tú]
‘It’s on Mondays (not on some other implied occasion / under some other implied condition) that I hate everything’

The win from this is that you get to combine focus and clefting, bringing the focused material to the front. This operation would remain optional, i.e., Chuq jí kú máoja would still remain in the language for you to use.

The focus marker

The idea is to take the generic pattern above, flip it, and apply it to :

topıcphrasetopıcphrase phrase … bí topıc

For instance:

Báq maoja bï, he bu cho jí hóa ‘As for bananas, I don’t like them’
Bí báq maoja nä he bu cho jí hóa ‘ibid.’
He bu cho jí bí báq maoja ≈ ‘I don’t like bananas, if we’re speaking of bananas’

(Note that there is no semantic difference between these three forms – we’re just trying to demonstrate what this newborn means by reflecting it in the translation.)

The win here, in turn, is that we now get to topicalize any part of the sentence in afterthought, including at the far end of the sentence (as in the example – bí báq maoja came in at the veeery end). In addition, we may now topicalize any grammatical structure that can: he bı̣maı jí tó báq leuq ‘I love – as far as love/loving goes – queers and no others’.

Also note that this would extend ’s range to adverbials. The official preference for AdverbialP in CompTopicP would be for it to mean something different than what does[1]. In our proposal, we have to give / equal rights, so semantically we may assume that clause … bí phrase actually compiles down to what would officially be phrased as

phrase bï, phraseclause.

In other words, the focused (or should I say topicked?) clause is reasserted (kept intact), but also raised/copied as the topic. So for Fa jí bí râo níchaq, instead of ‘As for [something being] today, I go’ (see reference), we should expect ‘As for [something being] today, I go today’.

One silly consequence of running the rising tone ↔︎ glottal tone logic both ways is that we may arrive at . ’s definition (denotation) would literally be “do nothing” (more formally, λ𝑓𝑥.𝑓𝑥), so what use could it have? The one use I can think of is grammatical clarity: you can use it like a spoken comma or bracket or fence/signpost to make your long sentences easier to stomach:

Jeq suao ná, ꝡé do súq jí hóa, ná, ꝡé do jí súq hóa da.
The things you’ve given me are equally important as the things I’ve given you.

References

  1. Hoemaı on Discord:
    [Whether an AdjunctP can be the topic is u]ndecided currently, but if yes, then its meaning would be "as for [it/something being] today, I go ...", and not "Today, I go" (Níchaq bï fa jí or Râo níchaq nä fa jí are the alternatives).