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expand on serial coindexation and PRO
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== Coindexation ==
== Coindexation ==


Sometimes you might see the letters <code>ijkx</code> in a frame. For example, {{t|sue}}'s frame is listed as <code>c c 1j</code> in the official dictionary.
<div class="warningbox">This is an advanced section. You don't need to understand it to speak Toaq, but it might help you understand how programs like [[Kuna]] work.</div>


The letters <code>i j k</code> refer to the first, second, and third arguments of the verb. They express a "coindexation" between the lambda arguments inside of a property or relation, and the arguments of the verb itself. A <code>1</code> slot is followed by one such letter and a <code>2</code> by two such letters.
Sometimes you might see the letters <code>ijx</code> in a frame. For example, {{t|sue}}'s frame is listed as <code>c c 1j</code> in the official dictionary.


For example, {{t|nue}} is <code>c c 1i</code>, because "{{orange|''x<sub>i</sub>''}} promises ''{{blue|x<sub>j</sub>}}'' to satisfy property ''P''" really means "{{orange|''x<sub>i</sub>''}} promises to ''{{blue|x<sub>j</sub>}}'' that {{orange|''P''(''x<sub>i</sub>'')}} will be brought about."
The letters <code>i j</code> refer to the first and second arguments of the verb. They express a "coindexation" between the lambda arguments inside of a property or relation, and the arguments of the verb itself. A <code>1</code> slot is followed by one such letter and a <code>2</code> by two such letters.


But {{t|sue}} is <code>c c 1j</code> because "{{orange|''x<sub>i</sub>''}} asks ''{{blue|x<sub>j</sub>}}'' to satisfy property ''P''" really means "{{orange|''x<sub>i</sub>''}} asks of ''{{blue|x<sub>j</sub>}}'' that {{blue|''P''(''x<sub>j</sub>'')}} be brought about."  
For example, {{t|nue}} is <code>c c 1i</code>, because "{{orange|<tt>i</tt>}} promises {{blue|<tt>j</tt>}} to satisfy property P" really means "{{orange|<tt>i</tt>}} promises to {{blue|<tt>j</tt>}} that {{orange|P(<tt>i</tt>)}} will be brought about."


And the frame of {{t|taq}} is <code>c 2ii</code>, as "{{orange|''x<sub>i</sub>''}} is in relation ''R'' with itself" really means "{{orange|''x<sub>i</sub>''}} satisfies {{orange|R(''x<sub>i</sub>'', ''x<sub>i</sub>'')}}."
But {{t|sue}} is <code>c c 1j</code> because "{{orange|<tt>i</tt>}} asks {{blue|<tt>j</tt>}} to satisfy property P" really means "{{orange|<tt>i</tt>}} asks of {{blue|<tt>j</tt>}} that {{blue|P(<tt>j</tt>)}} be brought about."  


The letter <code>x</code> means that there is no coindexation between the arguments of the verb and the lambda argument. The frame of {{t|mıa}} is <code>c 2ix</code> because the relation is applied between {{orange|''x<sub>i</sub>''}} and "many things ''x''".
And the frame of {{t|taq}} is <code>c 2ii</code>, as "{{orange|<tt>i</tt>}} is in relation R with itself" really means "{{orange|<tt>i</tt>}} is such that {{orange|R(<tt>i</tt>, <tt>i</tt>)}}."
 
The letter <code>x</code> means that there is no coindexation between the arguments of the verb and that lambda argument. The frame of {{t|mıa}} is <code>c 2ix</code> because the relation is applied between {{orange|<tt>i</tt>}} and "many things x".
 
When recovering the [[deep structure]] of clauses using serial verbs, this coindexation info is used to translate serial verbs into non-finite clauses, turning their lambda arguments into covert pronouns (called "PRO") that correctly coindex with earlier DPs.
 
{{Example|Nue caq mí Joq mí Bıo túe.|{{orange|mí Joq<sub>i</sub>}} ''v''<sub>cause</sub> [mí Bıo nue [{{orange|PRO<sub>i</sub>}} ''v''<sub>cause</sub> [caq túe]]]}}
{{Example|Sue caq mí Joq mí Bıo túe.|mí Joq ''v''<sub>cause</sub> [{{blue|mí Bıo<sub>j</sub>}} sue [{{blue|PRO<sub>j</sub>}} ''v''<sub>cause</sub> [caq túe]]]}}
 
See [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PRO_(linguistics) PRO (linguistics)] on Wikipedia.