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Toaq is most commonly written using a modified '''Latin writing system''', with diacritics on the vowels to mark [[tone]]. | Toaq is most commonly written using a modified '''Latin writing system''', with diacritics on the vowels to mark [[tone]]. | ||
= Alphabet = | == Alphabet == | ||
The alphabet, in '''native order''', is: | The alphabet, in '''native order''', is: | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
! {{t|m}} !! {{t|b}} !! {{t|p}} !! {{t|f}} !! {{t|n}} !! {{t|d}} !! {{t|t}} !! {{t|z}} !! {{t|c}} !! {{t|s}} !! {{t|r}} !! {{t|l}} !! {{t|nh}} !! {{t|j}} !! {{t|ch}} !! {{t|sh}} !! {{t|q}} !! {{t|g}} !! {{t|k}} !! {{t|'}} !! {{t|h}} !! {{t|a}} !! {{t|u}} !! {{t|ı}} !! {{t|o}} !! {{t|e | ! {{t|m}} !! {{t|b}} !! {{t|p}} !! {{t|f}} !! {{t|n}} !! {{t|d}} !! {{t|t}} !! {{t|z}} !! {{t|c}} !! {{t|s}} !! {{t|r}} !! {{t|l}} !! {{t|nh}} !! {{t|j}} !! {{t|ch}} !! {{t|sh}} !! {{t|ꝡ}} !! {{t|q}} !! {{t|g}} !! {{t|k}} !! {{t|'}} !! {{t|h}} !! {{t|a}} !! {{t|u}} !! {{t|ı}} !! {{t|o}} !! {{t|e}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
| /m/ || /b/ || /pʰ/ || /f/ || /n/ || /d/ || /tʰ/ || /d͡z/ || /t͡sʰ/ || /s/ || /ɾ/ || /l/ || /ɲ/ || /d͡ʑ/ || /t͡ɕʰ/ || /ɕ/ || /ŋ/ || / | | /m/ || /b/ || /pʰ/ || /f/ || /n/ || /d/ || /tʰ/ || /d͡z/ || /t͡sʰ/ || /s/ || /ɾ/ || /l/ || /ɲ/ || /d͡ʑ/ || /t͡ɕʰ/ || /ɕ/ || /w~j/ || /ŋ/ || /ɡ/ || /kʰ/ || /ʔ/ || /h/ || /a/ || /u/ || /i/ || /o/ || /ɛ/ | ||
|} | |} | ||
In '''semi-native order''', the consonants are ordered in the Latin/Unicode way ({{t|b, c, ch, d…}}) while the vowels are still at the end, in {{t|a, u, ı, o, e | Not all fonts and keyboards have the letter {{t|ꝡ}}. The [[refgram]] suggests using {{t|v}} as a replacement. People also commonly use {{t|w}} or {{t|vy}} or {{t|y}}. | ||
In '''semi-native order''', the consonants are ordered in the Latin/Unicode way ({{t|b, c, ch, d…}}) while the vowels are still at the end, in {{t|a, u, ı, o, e}} order. | |||
In '''non-native''' or '''Latin order''', the whole alphabet is ordered like the Latin alphabet: {{t|a, b, c, ch, d…}} | In '''non-native''' or '''Latin order''', the whole alphabet is ordered like the Latin alphabet: {{t|a, b, c, ch, d…}} | ||
The vowel {{t|ı}} is written without its dot | The vowel {{t|ı}} is written without its dot to avoid confusion with the tone diacritics listed below. | ||
= Diacritics = | == Diacritics == | ||
The following diacritics are placed on the first vowel ({{t|a, u, ı, o, e | |||
=== Tone marking === | |||
The following diacritics are placed on the first vowel ({{t|a, u, ı, o, e}}) of a word to mark non-default [[tone]] on the whole word: | |||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
! Nr. !! Mark !! On "a" !! Diacritic !! Unicode !! Tone name | ! Nr. !! Mark !! On "a" !! Diacritic !! Unicode !! Tone name | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 2 || {{ | | 1 || {{done|1}} || {{t|a}} || — || — || falling tone | ||
|- | |||
| 2 || {{done|2}} || {{t|á}} || acute accent || U+0301 || rising tone | |||
|- | |||
| 3 || {{done|3}} || {{t|ä}} || diaeresis || U+0308 || falling-glottal tone | |||
|- | |||
| 4 || {{done|4}} || {{t|â}} || circumflex || U+0302 || rising-falling tone | |||
|} | |||
=== Prefix marking === | |||
In addition, the underdot ({{t|ạ}}, U+0323) is used to mark the presence of a [[prefix]], more specifically the last in a run of prefixes if any are present. It may be replaced by the ASCII hyphen (-) in case the underdot isn’t available on your keyboard. While the underdot falls on the first vowel of the prefix [[raku]] (so where a tone mark would’ve gone), the hyphen should be placed between the last prefix and the word’s stem. For example, {{t|kı-}} + {{t|ne-}} + {{t|shı}} may be written as {{t|kınẹshı}} or {{t|kıne-shı}}; {{t|hao-}} + {{t|chuq}} = {{t|hạochuq}} or {{t|hao-chuq}}. | |||
==== Tone–underdot combos ==== | |||
The new [[Delta]] orthography poses a slight challenge for fonts trying to render it as there isn’t a uniform set of precomposed tone+underdot characters to choose from and one has to rely on using a combining diacritic. Specifically, {{t|ı̣}} (ı underdot) comes out janky in some fonts because the <code>ı</code> glyph may be missing an [https://fontforge.org/docs/tutorial/editexample6.html#anchoring-marks anchoring mark]. In fact, out of the 20 possible vowel+diacritic combinations, only 7 have precompositions: | |||
{| class="wikitable toaq" style="text-align: center;" | |||
! | |||
! {{done|1}} | |||
! {{done|2}} | |||
! {{done|3}} | |||
! {{done|4}} | |||
|- | |||
! a | |||
| style="background-color: lightgreen;" | ạ | |||
| style="background-color: lightpink; | '''ạ́''' | |||
| style="background-color: lightpink; | '''ạ̈''' | |||
| style="background-color: lightgreen;" | ậ | |||
|- | |||
! u | |||
| style="background-color: lightgreen;" | ụ | |||
| style="background-color: lightpink; | '''ụ́''' | |||
| style="background-color: lightpink; | '''ụ̈''' | |||
| style="background-color: lightpink; | '''ụ̂''' | |||
|- | |||
! ı | |||
| style="background-color: lightpink; | '''ı̣''' | |||
| style="background-color: lightpink; | '''ị́''' | |||
| style="background-color: lightpink; | '''ị̈''' | |||
| style="background-color: lightpink; | '''ị̂''' | |||
|- | |||
! o | |||
| style="background-color: lightgreen;" | ọ | |||
| style="background-color: lightpink; | '''ọ́''' | |||
| style="background-color: lightpink; | '''ọ̈''' | |||
| style="background-color: lightgreen;" | ộ | |||
|- | |||
! e | |||
| style="background-color: lightgreen;" | ẹ | |||
| style="background-color: lightpink; | '''ẹ́''' | |||
| style="background-color: lightpink; | '''ẹ̈''' | |||
| style="background-color: lightgreen;" | ệ | |||
|} | |||
The grapheme clusters in the cells in bold red consist of a precomposed vowel+underdot glyph and a combining tone diacritic. Each cell was normalized with [[wikipedia:Unicode equivalence#Normalization|Unicode normalization form C]]. | |||
It appears that the most consistent as well as font- and input-friendly approach is to precompose the vowel with the tone mark and then add a combining underdot (U+0323): | |||
{| class="wikitable toaq" style="text-align: center;" | |||
! | |||
! {{done|1}} | |||
! {{done|2}} | |||
! {{done|3}} | |||
! {{done|4}} | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | ! a | ||
| ạ || ạ́ || ạ̈ || ậ | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | ! u | ||
| ụ || ụ́ || ụ̈ || ụ̂ | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | ! ı | ||
| ı̣ || ị́ || ị̈ || ị̂ | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | ! o | ||
| ọ || ọ́ || ọ̈ || ộ | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | ! e | ||
| ẹ || ẹ́ || ẹ̈ || ệ | |||
|} | |} | ||
: '''MediaWiki note:''' The wiki software has been normalizing all page content [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Unicode_normalization_considerations since time immemorial], meaning that the above table has had to use HTML entities to get the desired effect (e.g., <code>í&#x323;</code> for {{t|ị́}}. [[Template:T]] will do this for you. | |||
= See also = | == See also == | ||
* [https://toaq.net/refgram/ | * [https://toaq.net/refgram/orthography/ ''Orthography''] in the [[Reference grammar]]. | ||
* [[Input methods]] for writing Toaq's diacritics. | * [[Input methods]] for writing Toaq's diacritics. | ||
* [[ | * [[Deranı]], the other, non-Latin writing system. |