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Latin writing system (view source)

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Toaq is most commonly written using a modified '''Latin writing system''', with diacritics on the vowels to mark [[tone]].
Toaq is most commonly written using a modified '''Latin writing system''', with diacritics on the vowels to mark [[tone]].


= Alphabet =
== Alphabet ==
The alphabet, in '''native order''', is:
The alphabet, in '''native order''', is:


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
! {{t|m}} !! {{t|b}} !! {{t|p}} !! {{t|f}} !! {{t|n}} !! {{t|d}} !! {{t|t}} !! {{t|z}} !! {{t|c}} !! {{t|s}} !! {{t|r}} !! {{t|l}} !! {{t|nh}} !! {{t|j}} !! {{t|ch}} !! {{t|sh}} !! {{t|q}} !! {{t|g}} !! {{t|k}} !! {{t|'}} !! {{t|h}} !! {{t|a}} !! {{t|u}} !! {{t|ı}} !! {{t|o}} !! {{t|e}} !! {{t|y}}
! {{t|m}} !! {{t|b}} !! {{t|p}} !! {{t|f}} !! {{t|n}} !! {{t|d}} !! {{t|t}} !! {{t|z}} !! {{t|c}} !! {{t|s}} !! {{t|r}} !! {{t|l}} !! {{t|nh}} !! {{t|j}} !! {{t|ch}} !! {{t|sh}} !! {{t|ꝡ}} !! {{t|q}} !! {{t|g}} !! {{t|k}} !! {{t|'}} !! {{t|h}} !! {{t|a}} !! {{t|u}} !! {{t|ı}} !! {{t|o}} !! {{t|e}}
|-
|-
| /m/ || /b/ || /pʰ/ || /f/ || /n/ || /d/ || /tʰ/ || /d͡z/ || /t͡sʰ/ || /s/ || /ɾ/ || /l/ || /ɲ/ || /d͡ʑ/ || /t͡ɕʰ/ || /ɕ/ || /ŋ/ || /g/ || /kʰ/ || /ʔ/ || /h/ || /a/ || /u/ || /i/ || /o/ || /ɛ/ || /ə/
| /m/ || /b/ || /pʰ/ || /f/ || /n/ || /d/ || /tʰ/ || /d͡z/ || /t͡sʰ/ || /s/ || /ɾ/ || /l/ || /ɲ/ || /d͡ʑ/ || /t͡ɕʰ/ || /ɕ/ || /w~j/ || /ŋ/ || /ɡ/ || /kʰ/ || /ʔ/ || /h/ || /a/ || /u/ || /i/ || /o/ || /ɛ/
|}
|}


In '''semi-native order''', the consonants are ordered in the Latin/Unicode way ({{t|b, c, ch, d…}}) while the vowels are still at the end, in {{t|a, u, ı, o, e, y}} order.
Not all fonts and keyboards have the letter {{t|ꝡ}}. The [[refgram]] suggests using {{t|v}} as a replacement. People also commonly use {{t|w}} or {{t|vy}} or {{t|y}}.
 
In '''semi-native order''', the consonants are ordered in the Latin/Unicode way ({{t|b, c, ch, d…}}) while the vowels are still at the end, in {{t|a, u, ı, o, e}} order.


In '''non-native''' or '''Latin order''', the whole alphabet is ordered like the Latin alphabet: {{t|a, b, c, ch, d…}}
In '''non-native''' or '''Latin order''', the whole alphabet is ordered like the Latin alphabet: {{t|a, b, c, ch, d…}}


The vowel {{t|ı}} is written without its dot, to avoid confusion with the tone diacritics listed below.
The vowel {{t|ı}} is written without its dot to avoid confusion with the tone diacritics listed below.


= Diacritics =
== Diacritics ==
The following diacritics are placed on the first vowel ({{t|a, u, ı, o, e, y}}) of a word to mark non-neutral [[tone]] on the whole word:
 
=== Tone marking ===
The following diacritics are placed on the first vowel ({{t|a, u, ı, o, e}}) of a word to mark non-default [[tone]] on the whole word:


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
! Nr. !! Mark !! On "a" !! Diacritic !! Unicode !! Tone name
! Nr. !! Mark !! On "a" !! Diacritic !! Unicode !! Tone name
|-
|-
| 2 || {{tone|2}} || {{t|á}} || acute accent || U+0301 || rising tone
| 1 || {{done|1}} || {{t|a}} || — || — || falling tone
|-
| 2 || {{done|2}} || {{t|á}} || acute accent || U+0301 || rising tone
|-
| 3 || {{done|3}} || {{t|ä}} || diaeresis || U+0308 || falling-glottal tone
|-
| 4 || {{done|4}} || {{t|â}} || circumflex || U+0302 || rising-falling tone
|}
 
=== Prefix marking ===
In addition, the underdot ({{t|ạ}}, U+0323) is used to mark the presence of a [[prefix]], more specifically the last in a run of prefixes if any are present. It may be replaced by the ASCII hyphen (-) in case the underdot isn’t available on your keyboard. While the underdot falls on the first vowel of the prefix [[raku]] (so where a tone mark would’ve gone), the hyphen should be placed between the last prefix and the word’s stem. For example, {{t|kı-}} + {{t|ne-}} + {{t|shı}} may be written as {{t|kınẹshı}} or {{t|kıne-shı}}; {{t|hao-}} + {{t|chuq}} = {{t|hạochuq}} or {{t|hao-chuq}}.
 
==== Tone–underdot combos ====
The new [[Delta]] orthography poses a slight challenge for fonts trying to render it as there isn’t a uniform set of precomposed tone+underdot characters to choose from and one has to rely on using a combining diacritic. Specifically, {{t|ı̣}} (ı underdot) comes out janky in some fonts because the <code>ı</code> glyph may be missing an [https://fontforge.org/docs/tutorial/editexample6.html#anchoring-marks anchoring mark]. In fact, out of the 20 possible vowel+diacritic combinations, only 7 have precompositions:
 
{| class="wikitable toaq" style="text-align: center;"
!
! {{done|1}}
! {{done|2}}
! {{done|3}}
! {{done|4}}
|-
! a
| style="background-color: lightgreen;" |    ạ
| style="background-color: lightpink;  | '''ạ́'''
| style="background-color: lightpink;  | '''ạ̈'''
| style="background-color: lightgreen;" |    ậ
|-
! u
| style="background-color: lightgreen;" |    ụ
| style="background-color: lightpink;  | '''ụ́'''
| style="background-color: lightpink;  | '''ụ̈'''
| style="background-color: lightpink;  | '''ụ̂'''
|-
! ı
| style="background-color: lightpink;  | '''ı̣'''
| style="background-color: lightpink;  | '''ị́'''
| style="background-color: lightpink;  | '''ị̈'''
| style="background-color: lightpink;  | '''ị̂'''
|-
! o
| style="background-color: lightgreen;" |    ọ
| style="background-color: lightpink;  | '''ọ́'''
| style="background-color: lightpink;  | '''ọ̈'''
| style="background-color: lightgreen;" |    ộ
|-
! e
| style="background-color: lightgreen;" |    ẹ
| style="background-color: lightpink;  | '''ẹ́'''
| style="background-color: lightpink;  | '''ẹ̈'''
| style="background-color: lightgreen;" |    ệ
|}
 
The grapheme clusters in the cells in bold red consist of a precomposed vowel+underdot glyph and a combining tone diacritic. Each cell was normalized with [[wikipedia:Unicode equivalence#Normalization|Unicode normalization form C]].
 
It appears that the most consistent as well as font- and input-friendly approach is to precompose the vowel with the tone mark and then add a combining underdot (U+0323):
 
{| class="wikitable toaq" style="text-align: center;"
!
! {{done|1}}
! {{done|2}}
! {{done|3}}
! {{done|4}}
|-
|-
| 3 || {{tone|3}} || {{t|ä}} || diaeresis || U+0308 || rising-creaky tone
! a
| a&#x323; || á&#x323; || ä&#x323; || â&#x323;
|-
|-
| 4 || {{tone|4}} || {{t|ả}} || hook above || U+0309 || falling tone
! u
| u&#x323; || ú&#x323; || ü&#x323; || û&#x323;
|-
|-
| 5 || {{tone|5}} || {{t|â}} || circumflex accent || U+0302 || rising-falling tone
! ı
| ı&#x323; || í&#x323; || ï&#x323; || î&#x323;
|-
|-
| 6 || {{tone|6}} || {{t|à}} || grave accent || U+0300 || mid-falling tone
! o
| o&#x323; || ó&#x323; || ö&#x323; || ô&#x323;
|-
|-
| 7 || {{tone|7}} || {{t|ã}} || tilde || U+0303 || falling creaky tone
! e
| e&#x323; || é&#x323; || ë&#x323; || ê&#x323;
|}
|}


A Toaq text may choose ''not'' to mark the most common tone, {{tone|4}}, as a verb can never carry the neutral tone. This is called '''sparse tone marking style'''. This practice is acceptable in informal writing but is discouraged in educational materials.
: '''MediaWiki note:''' The wiki software has been normalizing all page content [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Unicode_normalization_considerations since time immemorial], meaning that the above table has had to use HTML entities to get the desired effect (e.g., <code>í&amp;#x323;</code> for {{t|ị́}}. [[Template:T]] will do this for you.


= See also =
== See also ==
* [https://toaq.net/refgram/02/ "Symbols and sounds"] in the [[Reference grammar]].
* [https://toaq.net/refgram/orthography/ ''Orthography''] in the [[Reference grammar]].
* [[Input methods]] for writing Toaq's diacritics.
* [[Input methods]] for writing Toaq's diacritics.
* [[Hoelai]], the major non-Latin writing system.
* [[Deranı]], the other, non-Latin writing system.
Retrieved from "https://toaq.me/Special:MobileDiff/307...1811"