Phonology

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Phonology

Toaq has a phonology featuring 22 consonant phonemes, five vowel phonemes, and four tones.

Syllables have the form (C)V(ŋ/m), but a more meaningful prosodic unit is the raku, which consists of one or two syllables in a CV(V)(ŋ/m) shape.

Consonants

Consonants
Labial Alveolar Palatal Velar Glottal Variable
Nasal m [m] n [n] nh [ɲ] q [ŋ]
Plosive p [pʰ]   b [b] t [tʰ]   d [d] k [kʰ]   g [g] ' [ʔ]
Affricate c [t͡sʰ]   z [d͡z] ch [t͡ɕʰ]   j [d͡ʑ]
Fricative f [f] s [s] sh [ɕ] h [h]
Tap r [ɾ]
Lateral l [l]
Approximant [w~j]


Endings

These are all the possible raku endings and their pronunciation. A raku consists of a consonant and one of these endings.

Toaq raku endings
V VQ F VV VVq VVm VF
Rime IPA Rime IPA Rime IPA Rime IPA Rime IPA Rime IPA Rime IPA
a /aː/ aq /aŋ/ /aj/ ua /uː.a/ uaq /uː.aŋ/ uam /uː.am/ uaı /uː.aj/
u /uː/ uq /ʊŋ/ ao /aw/ /uː.i/ uıq /uː.ɪŋ/ uım /uː.im/ uao /uː.aw/
ı /iː/ ıq /ɪŋ/ /ɛj/ uo /uː.o/ uoq /uː.ɔŋ/ uom /uː.om/ ueı /uː.ɛj/
o /oː/ oq /ɔŋ/ /ɔj/ ue /uː.ɛ/ ueq /uː.ɛŋ/ uem /uː.ɛm/ uoı /uː.ɔj/
e /ɛː/ eq /ɛŋ/ ıa /iː.a/ ıaq /iː.aŋ/ ıam /iː.am/ ıaı /iː.aj/
am /aːm/ ıu /iː.u/ ıuq /iː.ʊŋ/ ıum /iː.um/ ıao /iː.aw/
um /uːm/ ıo /iː.o/ ıoq /iː.ɔŋ/ ıom /iː.om/ ıeı /iː.ɛj/
ım /iːm/ ıe /iː.ɛ/ ıeq /iː.ɛŋ/ ıem /iː.ɛm/ ıoı /iː.ɔj/
om /oːm/ oa /oː.a/ oaq /oː.aŋ/ oam /oː.am/ oaı /oː.aj/
em /ɛːm/ oe /oː.ɛ/ oeq /oː.ɛŋ/ oem /oː.ɛm/ oao /oː.aw/
ea /eː.a/ eaq /eː.aŋ/ eam /eː.am/ oeı /oː.ɛj/
eu /eː.u/ euq /eː.ʊŋ/ eum /eː.um/ eaı /eː.aj/
eo /eː.o/ eoq /eː.ɔŋ/ eom /eː.om/ eao /eː.aw/
eoı /eː.ɔj/