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Pronoun: Difference between revisions
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Toaq has relatively many '''pronouns'''. It makes distinctions that English does not: | |||
<!-- | |||
[[Image:jı, suq, nhao.png|A Venn diagram of personal pronouns.|thumb|300x300px|right]] | |||
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* '''Clusivity''': there are many words for “we” depending on who exactly is included. | |||
* '''Exophora vs. anaphora''': there are different pronouns for “things or people external to the text” ([https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exophora exophora]) vs. “references to earlier phrases” ([https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaphora_(linguistics) anaphora]). | |||
* '''[[Animacy]]''': there are different third-person pronouns for animals vs. objects vs. ideas. There are 4 different anaphoric pronouns for different types of grammatical constructs. | |||
== | <div style=display:inline-table> | ||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|+ Exophoric pronouns | |||
|- | |||
! Pronoun !! Meaning | |||
|- | |||
| {{t|jí}} || I, me | |||
|- | |||
| {{t|súq}} || you (singular) | |||
|- | |||
| {{t|súna}} || you (plural) | |||
|- | |||
| {{t|súho}} || you (you and they) | |||
|- | |||
| {{t|nháo}} || he, she, they (singular) | |||
|- | |||
| {{t|nhána}} || they (animate plural) | |||
|- | |||
| {{t|kóm}}* || it (inanimate) | |||
|- | |||
| {{t|ré}}* || it (abstract) | |||
|- | |||
| {{t|úmo}} || we (you and I) | |||
|- | |||
| {{t|íme}} || we (they and I) | |||
|- | |||
| {{t|áma}} || we (you, they, and I) | |||
|- | |||
| {{t|há}} || one (people in general) | |||
|} | |||
</div> | |||
<div style=display:inline-table> | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|+ Anaphoric pronouns | |||
|- | |||
! Pronoun !! Meaning | |||
|- | |||
| {{t|hó}} || he/she/they (latest [[Animacy|grammatically animate]] <abbr title="determiner phrase">DP</abbr>) | |||
|- | |||
| {{t|máq}} || it (latest [[Animacy|grammatically inanimate]] DP) | |||
|- | |||
| {{t|hóq}} || it (latest [[Animacy|grammatically abstract]] DP) | |||
|- | |||
| {{t|tá}} || it (latest [[Animacy|adjective-like]] DP) | |||
|- | |||
| {{t|áq}} || itself/himself/herself/themselves (clause subject) | |||
|- | |||
| {{t|chéq}} || each other (reciprocal with clause subject) | |||
|} | |||
</div> | |||
(*Unofficial.) | |||
== Notes == | |||
* All living animals have the pronoun {{t|nháo}} in Toaq, not just humans. | |||
* The subject (first argument) of a clause binds only the anaphoric pronoun {{t|áq}}, so you cannot use {{t|hó, máq, hóq…}} to refer to it. | |||
* For each pronoun, there's a verb crated by affixing {{t|-bo}} to it that means “___ is (that pronoun)'s”. | |||
** For example, {{t|suqbo}} means “yours” and {{t|tabo}} means “its” (belonging to the referent of {{t|tá}}). | |||