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Pronoun: Difference between revisions

Pronoun (view source)

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Toaq has relatively many '''pronouns'''. It makes distinctions that English does not:
Toaq has relatively many '''pronouns'''. It makes distinctions that English does not:
 
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[[Image:jı, suq, nhao.png|A Venn diagram of personal pronouns.|thumb|300x300px|right]]
[[Image:jı, suq, nhao.png|A Venn diagram of personal pronouns.|thumb|300x300px|right]]
 
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* '''Clusivity''': there are many words for “we” depending on who exactly is included.
* '''Clusivity''': there are many words for “we” depending on who exactly is included.
* '''Exophora vs. anaphora''': there are different pronouns for “things or people external to the text” ([https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exophora exophora]) vs. “references to earlier phrases” ([https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaphora_(linguistics) anaphora]).
* '''Exophora vs. anaphora''': there are different pronouns for “things or people external to the text” ([https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exophora exophora]) vs. “references to earlier phrases” ([https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaphora_(linguistics) anaphora]).
* '''[[Animacy]]''': there are different third-person pronouns for animals vs. objects vs. ideas. There are even 9 different anaphoric pronouns for different types of grammatical constructs.
* '''[[Animacy]]''': there are different third-person pronouns for animals vs. objects vs. ideas. There are 4 different anaphoric pronouns for different types of grammatical constructs.


<div style=display:inline-table>
<div style=display:inline-table>
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| {{t|jí}} || I, me
| {{t|jí}} || I, me
|-
|-
| {{t|súq}} || you
| {{t|súq}} || you (singular)
|-
|-
| {{t|nháo}} || he, she, they
| {{t|súna}} || you (plural)
|-
|-
| {{t|kóu}}* || it (inanimate object)
| {{t|súho}} || you (you and they)
|-
|-
| {{t|róeq}}*, {{t|ráy}}* || it (abstract)
| {{t|nháo}} || he, she, they (singular)
|-
|-
| {{t|súo}} || y'all (you and they)
| {{t|nhána}} || they (animate plural)
|-
|-
| {{t|úmı}}*, {{t|múy}} || we (you and I)
| {{t|kóm}}* || it (inanimate)
|-
|-
| {{t|ínhe}}*, {{t|míy}} || we (they and I)
| {{t|ré}}* || it (abstract)
|-
|-
| {{t|ámao}}*, {{t|máy}} || we (you, they, and I)
| {{t|úmo}} || we (you and I)
|-
| {{t|íme}} || we (they and I)
|-
| {{t|áma}} || we (you, they, and I)
|-
|-
| {{t|há}} || one (people in general)
| {{t|há}} || one (people in general)
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|-
|-
| {{t|tá}} || it (latest [[Animacy|adjective-like]] DP)
| {{t|tá}} || it (latest [[Animacy|adjective-like]] DP)
|-
| {{t|róu}} || it (latest {{Tone|5}} [[content clause]])
|-
| {{t|kóeq}}*, {{t|kúy}} || it (latest {{t|lu}} DP)
|-
| {{t|zé}} || it (latest [[object incorporating verb]] DP)
|-
| {{t|fúeq}}*, {{t|fúy}} || he/she/they/it (same referent as latest pronoun)
|-
| {{t|bóu}} || it (latest [[demonstrative]] noun phrase)
|-
|-
| {{t|áq}} || itself/himself/herself/themselves (clause subject)
| {{t|áq}} || itself/himself/herself/themselves (clause subject)
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(* Unofficial but popular. If two forms are listed, prefer the first one since it no longer uses {{t|ay uy ıy oy ey}} syllables, which are now outdated.)
(*Unofficial.)


== Notes ==
== Notes ==
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