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Pronoun: Difference between revisions

Pronoun (view source)

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== Personal pronouns (TODO) ==
Toaq has relatively many '''pronouns'''. It makes distinctions that English does not:
[[Image:jı, suq, nhao.png|A Venn diagram of personal pronouns.|thumb|500x500px|left]]


== Anaphoric pronouns ==
[[Image:jı, suq, nhao.png|A Venn diagram of personal pronouns.|thumb|300x300px|right]]
See [[Animacy]].
 
* '''Clusivity''': there are many words for “we” depending on who exactly is included.
* '''Exophora vs. anaphora''': there are different pronouns for “things or people external to the text” ([https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exophora exophora]) and for “references to earlier phrases” ([https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaphora_(linguistics) anaphora]).
* '''[[Animacy]]''': there different pronouns for “he/she/it” for animals, objects, and ideas. There are even different anaphoric pronouns for different types of grammatical constructs.
 
<div style=display:inline-table>
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Exophoric pronouns in Toaq
|+  align="bottom" style="caption-side: bottom; font-weight: normal" | *Unofficial but popular
|-
! Pronoun !! Meaning
|-
| {{t|jí}} || I, me
|-
| {{t|súq}} || you
|-
| {{t|nháo}} || he, she, they
|-
| {{t|súo}} || y'all (you and they)
|-
| {{t|múy}} || we (you and I)
|-
| {{t|míy}} || we (they and I)
|-
| {{t|máy}} || we (you, they, and I)
|-
| {{t|kóu}}* || it (inanimate object)
|-
| {{t|ráy}}* || it (abstract)
|}
</div>
<div style=display:inline-table>
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Anaphoric pronouns in Toaq
|-
! Pronoun !! Meaning
|-
| {{t|hó}} || he/she/they (latest [[Animacy|class I animate]] determiner phrase)
|-
| {{t|máq}} || it (latest [[Animacy|class II inanimate]] DP)
|-
| {{t|hóq}} || it (latest [[Animacy|class III abstract]] DP)
|-
| {{t|tá}} || it (latest [[Animacy|class IV adjective-like]] DP)
|-
| {{t|róu}} || it (latest {{Tone|5}} [[content clause]])
|-
| {{t|kúy}} || it (latest {{t|lu}} DP)
|-
| {{t|zé}} || it (latest [[object incorporating verb]] DP)
|-
| {{t|fúy}} || he/shey/they/it (latest non-{{t|fuy}} pronoun)
|-
| {{t|bóu}} || it (latest [[demonstrative]] noun phrase)
|-
| {{t|áq}} || itself/himself/herself/themselves (clause subject)
|-
| {{t|chéq}} || each other (reciprocal with clause subject)
|}
</div>
 
== Notes ==
 
* All living animals have the pronoun {{t|nháo}} in Toaq, not just humans.
* The subject (first argument) of a clause only binds the anaphoric pronoun {{t|áq}}, so you cannot use {{t|hó, máq, hóq…}} to refer to it.
* For each pronoun, there's a verb crated by affixing {{t|-bo}} to it that means “___ is (that pronoun)'s”.
** For example, {{t|suqbo}} means “yours” and {{t|tabo}} means “its” (belonging to the referent of {{t|tá}}).
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