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Tone: Difference between revisions
Correct the focus particle section
(Use Derani alongside Latin transliterations) |
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== Function of tones == | == Function of tones == | ||
Toaq has mostly '''grammatical tone''': when you change the tone of a word, its grammatical function changes (for example {{Derani| | Toaq has mostly '''grammatical tone''': when you change the tone of a word, its grammatical function changes (for example {{Derani||de}} “is beautiful” → {{Derani||dê}} “beautifully”). | ||
This is in contrast to '''lexical tone''', like in Chinese: there, when you change the tone of a syllable, it becomes a different word (lexeme) entirely. For example 西 xı̄ “west” → 媳 xí “daughter-in-law”. | This is in contrast to '''lexical tone''', like in Chinese: there, when you change the tone of a syllable, it becomes a different word (lexeme) entirely. For example 西 xı̄ “west” → 媳 xí “daughter-in-law”. | ||
Toaq has a ''little'' bit of lexical tone, too, limited to | Toaq has a ''little'' bit of lexical tone, too, limited to particles: {{Derani||da}} and {{Derani||dâ}} are two different lexemes. | ||
== The four tones == | == The four tones == | ||
#The '''falling tone''' {{done|1}} is used for verbs, predicatizers, and adjectives. ({{Derani| | #The '''falling tone''' {{done|1}} is used for verbs, predicatizers, and adjectives. ({{Derani||fa}} “goes”, {{Derani| |kúe gı}} “the good book”, {{Derani|— |… po káto}} “… of the cat”) | ||
#The '''rising tone''' {{done|2}} is used for nouns, [[determiners]], and pronouns. ({{Derani| | #The '''rising tone''' {{done|2}} is used for nouns, [[determiners]], and pronouns. ({{Derani||káto}} “the cat”, {{Derani| |sá kato}} “some cat(s)”, {{Derani||jí}} “I/me”) | ||
#The '''low glottal tone''' {{done|3}} is used for complementizers and clause-initiating words. ({{Derani| | #The '''low glottal tone''' {{done|3}} is used for complementizers and clause-initiating words. ({{Derani| |ꝡä gı}} “that it’s good”) | ||
#The '''rising-falling tone''' {{done|4}} is for adverbial adjuncts. ({{Derani| | #The '''rising-falling tone''' {{done|4}} is for adverbial adjuncts. ({{Derani||fêı}} “angrily”, {{Derani| |nîe tíaı}} “inside the box”) | ||
=== Interaction with parts of speech === | === Interaction with parts of speech === | ||
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This table shows how the four tones interact with Toaq's parts of speech: | This table shows how the four tones interact with Toaq's parts of speech: | ||
{{Tone table}} | |||
=== Interaction with focus particles === | |||
Tone on focus particles is a little nuanced. If you focus something carrying a tonal inflection, like the {{done|2}} in {{Derani||máoja}}, then the focus particle "steals" the tone. But if the word is uninflected (in the "default tone" for its part of speech), the focus particle stays in its default rising tone form. | |||
Here are some examples of how this works for each of the focusable parts of speech: | |||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! | ||
! Falling tone {{done|1}} | ! Falling tone {{done|1}} | ||
! Rising tone {{done|2}} | ! Rising tone {{done|2}} | ||
| Line 29: | Line 35: | ||
|- | |- | ||
! [[Verb]] | ! [[Verb]] | ||
| <ul> | |Uninflected, must use prefix form to avoid conflict with rising tone | ||
| | |||
| style=background:#ccc | | {{Derani||kụrıatua}}<ul></ul> | ||
| | | {{Derani| |kú maoja}} | ||
| style="background:#ccc" | | |||
| {{Derani| |kû shoı}} | |||
|- | |- | ||
! [[Pronoun]] | ! [[Pronoun]] | ||
| style=background:#ccc | | | style="background:#ccc" | | ||
| | | Uninflected | ||
| | {{Derani| |kú jí}} | ||
| style=background:#ccc | | | style="background:#ccc" | | ||
| {{Derani| |kû jí}} | |||
|- | |- | ||
! [[Determiner]] | ! [[Determiner]] | ||
| style=background:#ccc | | | style="background:#ccc" | | ||
| | | Uninflected | ||
| | {{Derani| |kú báq nam}} | ||
| style=background:#ccc | | | style="background:#ccc" | | ||
| {{Derani| |kû báq nam}} | |||
|- | |- | ||
! [[Complementizer]] | ! [[Complementizer]] | ||
| | | Unattested | ||
| style=background:#ccc | | | style="background:#ccc" | | ||
| | | Uninflected | ||
| | {{Derani| |kú ꝡä}} | ||
| {{Derani| |kû ꝡä}} | |||
|} | |||
One exception is the event accessor verb {{Derani||ë}}, which carries an inherent glottal tone due to being both a verb and a subordinator. | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! | ||
| | ! Falling tone {{done|1}} | ||
| | ! Rising tone {{done|2}} | ||
| | ! Glottal tone {{done|3}} | ||
| | ! Rising-falling tone {{done|4}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! Event accessor verb | ||
| | | style="background:#ccc" | | ||
| | | {{Derani| |kú ë marao}} | ||
| Uninflected, must use prefix form to avoid conflict with rising tone | |||
{{Derani| |kụ̈'e marao}} | |||
| {{Derani| |kû ë marao}} | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|} | |} | ||
==External links== | ==External links== | ||
*[https://toaq.net/refgram/phonology/#tones Refgram: Tones] | *[https://toaq.net/refgram/phonology/#tones Refgram: Tones] | ||