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Tone: Difference between revisions
Correct the focus particle section
(Update encoding of Derani text) |
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This is in contrast to '''lexical tone''', like in Chinese: there, when you change the tone of a syllable, it becomes a different word (lexeme) entirely. For example 西 xı̄ “west” → 媳 xí “daughter-in-law”. | This is in contrast to '''lexical tone''', like in Chinese: there, when you change the tone of a syllable, it becomes a different word (lexeme) entirely. For example 西 xı̄ “west” → 媳 xí “daughter-in-law”. | ||
Toaq has a ''little'' bit of lexical tone, too, limited to | Toaq has a ''little'' bit of lexical tone, too, limited to particles: {{Derani||da}} and {{Derani||dâ}} are two different lexemes. | ||
== The four tones == | == The four tones == | ||
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This table shows how the four tones interact with Toaq's parts of speech: | This table shows how the four tones interact with Toaq's parts of speech: | ||
{{Tone table}} | |||
=== Interaction with focus particles === | |||
Tone on focus particles is a little nuanced. If you focus something carrying a tonal inflection, like the {{done|2}} in {{Derani||máoja}}, then the focus particle "steals" the tone. But if the word is uninflected (in the "default tone" for its part of speech), the focus particle stays in its default rising tone form. | |||
Here are some examples of how this works for each of the focusable parts of speech: | |||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! | ||
! Falling tone {{done|1}} | ! Falling tone {{done|1}} | ||
! Rising tone {{done|2}} | ! Rising tone {{done|2}} | ||
| Line 29: | Line 35: | ||
|- | |- | ||
! [[Verb]] | ! [[Verb]] | ||
| <ul> | |Uninflected, must use prefix form to avoid conflict with rising tone | ||
| | |||
| style=background:#ccc | | {{Derani||kụrıatua}}<ul></ul> | ||
| | | {{Derani| |kú maoja}} | ||
| style="background:#ccc" | | |||
| {{Derani| |kû shoı}} | |||
|- | |- | ||
! [[Pronoun]] | ! [[Pronoun]] | ||
| style=background:#ccc | | | style="background:#ccc" | | ||
| | | Uninflected | ||
| style=background:#ccc | | {{Derani| |kú jí}} | ||
| | | style="background:#ccc" | | ||
| {{Derani| |kû jí}} | |||
|- | |- | ||
! [[Determiner]] | ! [[Determiner]] | ||
| style=background:#ccc | | | style="background:#ccc" | | ||
| | | Uninflected | ||
| style=background:#ccc | | {{Derani| |kú báq nam}} | ||
| | | style="background:#ccc" | | ||
| {{Derani| |kû báq nam}} | |||
|- | |- | ||
! [[Complementizer]] | ! [[Complementizer]] | ||
| | | Unattested | ||
| style=background:#ccc | | | style="background:#ccc" | | ||
| | | Uninflected | ||
| | {{Derani| |kú ꝡä}} | ||
| {{Derani| |kû ꝡä}} | |||
|} | |||
One exception is the event accessor verb {{Derani||ë}}, which carries an inherent glottal tone due to being both a verb and a subordinator. | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! | ||
| | ! Falling tone {{done|1}} | ||
| | ! Rising tone {{done|2}} | ||
| | ! Glottal tone {{done|3}} | ||
| | ! Rising-falling tone {{done|4}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! Event accessor verb | ||
| | | style="background:#ccc" | | ||
| | | {{Derani| |kú ë marao}} | ||
| Uninflected, must use prefix form to avoid conflict with rising tone | |||
{{Derani| |kụ̈'e marao}} | |||
| {{Derani| |kû ë marao}} | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|} | |} | ||
==External links== | ==External links== | ||
*[https://toaq.net/refgram/phonology/#tones Refgram: Tones] | *[https://toaq.net/refgram/phonology/#tones Refgram: Tones] | ||