Toaq is a tonal language. It has tones! That is: saying a word with a rising or falling vocal intonation, for example, makes for a difference in meaning.

Function of tones

Toaq has grammatical tone: when you change the tone of a word, its grammatical function changes (for example dẻ “is beautiful” → dẽ “beautifully”).

(This is in contrast to lexical tone, like in Chinese: there, when you change the tone of a syllable, it becomes a different word (lexeme) entirely. For example 西 xı̄ “west” → 媳 xí “daughter-in-law”.)

Verb tones

Every verb can be "conjugated" into one of six tones, each of which expresses some grammatical function:

  1. (see History section for why there is no tone #1)
  2. The rising tone   marks a noun or bound variable. (súq “you”, sa pỏq… póq “some person… that person”)
  3. The rising-creaky tone   marks the start of a relative clause. ( “which is good”)
  4. The falling tone   marks a verb phrase, or the tail of a serial. (fả “goes”, bũ dẻ “not-beautifully”)
  5. The rising-falling tone   marks the start of a content clause. ( “that it's good”)
  6. The mid-falling tone   marks a preposition. (bìe ní “after that”)
  7. The falling creaky tone   marks an adverb. (dẽ “beautifully”)

Sometimes people will say “the fifth tone” or “t5” instead of “the rising-falling tone”.

Possible new tone scheme

Main Article: Main_verb_tone

On 21 August 2022, Hoemaı mentioned trying to settle on a new tone scheme.

  1.   — adjunct (adverbs and prepositions)
  2.   — nouns or bound variable
  3.   — allotone of  ; alternatively if adverbs and prepositions stay separate, it would take one of those functions
  4.   — tail of a serial
  5.   — relative clauses
  6.   — main verb
  7.   — content clauses
  8.   — particles
  9.   — allotone of  

Neutral tone

Particles, on the other hand, are in the neutral tone   (aka the 8th tone), which is not really a tone. The only rule is that you don't continue the contour of the previous tone. So, when saying a particle after the falling tone  , you should go up in pitch to break the falling contour. This way, the listener can tell the difference between lẻ moq and lẻmoq.

Lexical tone

Toaq actually does have a little bit of lexical tone. For example, moq (question marker) and môq (rhetorical question marker) are different lexemes.

More subtly, is not   + lả. Rather, each of   and lả is a complementizer in its own right. So really is also its own complementizer, of which   is an allomorph.

History

There used to be a flat tone  , which marked the continuation of a multisyllable word. But now, the tone contour is spread out over the whole word. This was tone #1, but now it is gone. So we start counting from #2, because it would be more confusing to re-number them.

The rising-creaky tone   used to be dipping  , and   was just “creaky”.

External links