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{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Toaq, But Easy, at Least in the Beginning''}} | {{DISPLAYTITLE:''Toaq, But Easy, at Least in the Beginning''}} | ||
{{T|Hıo ka!}} Hello and welcome ''Toaq, But Easy, at Least in the Beginning''. {{T|Mı Mıao jí.}} I am Mıao (Moon). | {{T|Hıo ka!}} Hello and welcome to ''Toaq, But Easy, at Least in the Beginning''. {{T|Mı Mıao jí.}} I am Mıao (Moon). We’ve got two lessons and it’s unlikely to get anything else done. | ||
= | <div class="toclimit-1"> | ||
__TOC__ | |||
</div> | |||
==1 - Sá paı nıq! - A new friend!== | |||
Mıao: {{T|Jadı. Mı Mıao jí da. Chua hí súq móq}}*{{T|?}} | |||
Nuaq: {{T|Jadı. Mı Nuaq jí da. Foa súq hí móq?}} | |||
Mıao: {{T|Foa gı jí da. Ma foa gı súq móq?}} | |||
Nuaq: {{T|Foa gı máo jí da.}} | |||
Nuaq: {{T|Chuq jí shámu.}} | Mıao: {{T|Chuq súq hí da?}} | ||
Nuaq: {{T|Chuq jí shámu da.}} | |||
<nowiki>*</nowiki> Note that {{T|q}} is pronounced as the “ng” /ŋ/ sound in “sing” /sɪŋ/. | |||
{{Details|English|Moon: Hi. I’m Moon. What’s your name? | {{Details|English|Moon: Hi. I’m Moon. What’s your name? | ||
Line 26: | Line 32: | ||
Night: I am eating an apple.}} | Night: I am eating an apple.}} | ||
===Vocabulary=== | ===Vocabulary=== | ||
{| | {| | ||
Line 56: | Line 63: | ||
|} | |} | ||
===1.1 - Tones=== | ===1.1 - Tones=== | ||
The falling tone, which isn’t marked by any diacritic, is generally used for verbs. However, as you can see, it is also used for some other things, for example {{T|jadı}}. The rising tone {{Done|2}} is used for nouns, pronouns, and determiners | The falling tone, which isn’t marked by any diacritic, is generally used for verbs. However, as you can see, it is also used for some other things, for example {{T|jadı}}. The rising tone {{Done|2}} is used for nouns, pronouns, and determiners. | ||
===1.2 - Word order=== | ===1.2 - Word order=== | ||
The most simplest word order in Toaq is VSO — verb - subject - object. Notice how “{{T|Chuq jí shámu}}” literally translates to “Eat I apple”. | The most simplest word order in Toaq is VSO — verb - subject - object. Notice how “{{T|Chuq jí shámu}}” literally translates to “Eat I apple”. | ||
===1.3 - {{T|Mı}}=== | === 1.3 - Speech acts === | ||
Speech acts (also known as “illocutions”) tell the recepient the purpose of the sentence. In this lesson, you are introduced to two: | |||
* {{T|da}} - declarative: used for statements. | |||
* {{T|móq}} - interrogative: used for asking questions | |||
===1.4 - {{T|Mı}}=== | |||
{{T|Mı}} is prefixed before the names of things and people (and others), i.e. proper nouns. | {{T|Mı}} is prefixed before the names of things and people (and others), i.e. proper nouns. | ||
* {{T|Foa}}* {{T|gı mí Mıao.}} = “Moon feels good.” | * {{T|Foa}}* {{T|gı mí Mıao da.}} = “Moon feels good.” | ||
<nowiki>*</nowiki> We will talk about why it’s not {{T|foa mí Mıao gí}} later in Lesson [TODO]. | <nowiki>*</nowiki> We will talk about why it’s not {{T|foa mí Mıao gí}} later in Lesson [TODO]. | ||
=== 1. | === 1.5 - {{T|Ma}} === | ||
{{T|Ma}} is used to ask yes-or-no questions. | {{T|Ma}} is used to ask yes-or-no questions. | ||
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{{T|…}} | {{T|…}} | ||
Nuaq: {{T|Hóı mí Mıao ꝡa naı noaq jí kúe ꝡë súq hóa.}} | Nuaq: {{T|Hóı mí Mıao ꝡa naı noaq jí kúe ꝡë kaı súq hóa.}} | ||
Mıao: {{T|Á? O. Neaochıaqca ní…}} | |||
{{Details|English|Moon: What are you doing in this photo?! | |||
Night: Haha! I cut my dog’s long fur. | |||
Moon: … | |||
… | |||
Night: Moon, I’m reading the book which you wrote. | |||
Moon: Huh? Oh. That’s embarrassing…}} | |||
Mıao | ===Vocabulary=== | ||
{| | |||
|- | |||
|{{t|buaı}} | |||
|◌ is long | |||
|- | |||
|{{t|buq-}} | |||
|prefix: ''augmentative'' | |||
|- | |||
|{{t|hóa}} | |||
|''(see grammar notes)'' | |||
|- | |||
|{{t|hói}} | |||
|vocative | |||
|- | |||
|{{T|jıa}} | |||
|◌ happens in the future | |||
|- | |||
|{{t|jıbo}} | |||
|◌ is mine | |||
|- | |||
|{{t|kıaq}} | |||
|◌ is hair/fur | |||
|- | |||
|{{t|kıaqtoe}} | |||
|◌ cuts the hair/fur of ◌ | |||
|- | |||
|{{t|kue}} | |||
|◌ is a book | |||
|- | |||
|{{t|naı}} | |||
|◌ happens now | |||
|- | |||
|{{t|neaochıaqca}} | |||
|◌ is embarrassing to ◌ | |||
|- | |||
|{{t|noaq}} | |||
|◌ reads ◌ | |||
|- | |||
|{{t|po}} | |||
|of | |||
|- | |||
|{{t|pu}} | |||
|◌ happened in the past | |||
|- | |||
|{{t|tao}} | |||
|◌ does ◌ | |||
|- | |||
|{{t|tı}} | |||
|◌ is at ◌ | |||
|- | |||
|{{t|ꝡa}} | |||
|''(see grammar notes)'' | |||
|- | |||
|{{t|ꝡë}} | |||
|''(see grammar notes)'' | |||
|} | |||
===2.1 - Prepositions === | |||
Oh hey! New tone! The rising falling tone {{Done|4}} is used for prepositions and adverbs. Prepositions in Toaq use the second slot of a verb. | |||
*{{T|tı}} = ◌ is at ◌ | |||
*{{T|Tı jí búajıo.}} = “I’m at the house.” | |||
*{{T|Kuq jí tî búajıo.}} = “I talk at the house” | |||
===2.2 - Tense=== | |||
Toaq has words for tense, but unlike in English, they’re not mandatory. | |||
{| | |||
|{{T|pu}} | |||
|past | |||
|- | |||
|{{T|naı}} | |||
|now | |||
|- | |||
|{{T|jıa}} | |||
|future | |||
|} | |||
===2.3 - Adjectives === | |||
Adjectives come after the nouns they modify, similar to Spanish. Only the first word of a noun phrase gets the {{Done|2}} tone though, so adjectives get a {{Done|1}} tone like verbs. | |||
===2.4 - Possession=== | |||
Possessive words come after the nouns they modify. Compare “X of Y” (rather than “Y’s X”) for English. | |||
To make possessive forms of pronouns, add the suffix {{T|-bo}}. | |||
*{{T|kúne jıbo}} = “my dog” (“the dog of me”) | |||
*{{T|kúne suqbo}} = “your dog” (“the dog of you”) | |||
To make other things possessive, use {{T|po}}. | |||
*{{T|kúne po mı Nuaq}} = “Night’s dog” (“the dog of Night”) | |||
===2.5 - {{T|Hói}} over there!=== | |||
The word {{T|hói}} is used for getting someone’s attention when saying their name to avoid potential confusion. | |||
*{{T|Jadı mı Mıao}} ❌ | |||
*{{T|Jadı hói mı Mıao}} ✅ | |||
=== 2.6 - Ꝡha? === | |||
Ꝡhat’s this funny letter? The letter {{T|Ꝡ ꝡ}} can be pronounced as “w” /w/ or “y” /j/ depending on the previous vowel. It is pronounced as /w/ if the previous vowel was {{T|ı}} or {{T|e}} and /j/ if the previous vowel was {{T|o}} or {{T|u}}. Since it is not easily typed, it may be substituted with {{T|v}} or {{T|vy}}. Poor Ꝡ. | |||
===2.7 - Ꝡa?=== | |||
{{T|Ꝡa}} is a (sometimes) word for marking the start of a new sentence. The reason it is used in {{T|Hóı mí Mıao ꝡa naı noaq jí kúe ꝡë súq hóa}} is to keep things separated. {{T|Ꝡa}}, along with its friends whom we will met later, are not required if the previous sentence ended with an illocution. Alternatively, if you wish to elide {{T|da}} or {{T|móq}}, you can start your sentence with {{T|ꝡa}}. | |||
=== 2.8 - Prefixes === | |||
Toaq has a lot of prefixes which can change the meaning of words. In this lesson, you are introduced to the suffix {{T|buq-}}, the augmentative, expressing greater intensity. For example, a {{T|bụqkato}} can be a “large cat”. | |||
The last prefix of a word is is always marked with an underdot and pronounced with a glottal stop (the middle sound in “uh'''-'''oh”). If you are unable to type the underdot, it is acceptable to use a hyphen after the last prefix instead. | |||
===2.7 - Relative clauses=== | |||
If you don’t know what a relative clause is, an example from the dialogue is “the book <u>which you wrote</u>”. The “which you wrote” part is the relative clause. | |||
{{t|Ꝡë}} marks the start of a relative clause and {{t|hóa}} is the resumptive pronoun. What’s that? Well, we need a way to know what the relative clause is referring to. There is a huge difference between “the book which I wrote” and “the book which wrote me”. | |||
{| | |||
|{{t|kúe}} | |||
|{{t|ꝡë}} | |||
|{{t|kaı}} | |||
|{{t|jí}} | |||
|{{t|hóa}} | |||
|- | |||
|book | |||
|which | |||
|write | |||
|I | |||
|''hóa'' | |||
|- | |||
| colspan="5" |“the book which I wrote” | |||
|} | |||
Compare that to: | |||
{| | |||
|{{t|kúe}} | |||
|{{t|ꝡë}} | |||
|{{t|kaı}} | |||
|{{red|{{t|hóa}}}} | |||
|{{red|{{t|jí}}}} | |||
|- | |||
|book | |||
|which | |||
|write | |||
|''hóa'' | |||
|I | |||
|- | |||
| colspan="5" |“the book which wrote {{red|me}}” | |||
|} |
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