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{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Toaq, But Easy, at Least in the Beginning''}}
{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Toaq, But Easy, at Least in the Beginning''}}
{{T|Hıo ka!}} Hello and welcome ''Toaq, But Easy, at Least in the Beginning''. {{T|Mı Mıao jí.}} I am Mıao (Moon).
{{T|Hıo ka!}} Hello and welcome to ''Toaq, But Easy, at Least in the Beginning''. {{T|Mı Mıao jí.}} I am Mıao (Moon). We’ve got two lessons and it’s unlikely to get anything else done.


==1 - Nıq paı! - A new friend!==
<div class="toclimit-1">
Mıao: {{T|Jadı. Mı Mıao jí. Chua hí súq?}}
__TOC__
</div>


Nuaq: {{T|Jadı. Mı Nuaq jí. Foa súq hí?}}
==1 - Sá paı nıq! - A new friend!==
Mıao: {{T|Jadı. Mı Mıao jí da. Chua hí súq móq}}*{{T|?}}


Mıao: {{T|Foa gı jí. Ma foa gı súq?}}
Nuaq: {{T|Jadı. Mı Nuaq jí da. Foa súq hí móq?}}


Nuaq: {{T|Foa gı máo jí.}}
Mıao: {{T|Foa gı jí da. Ma foa gı súq móq?}}


Mıao: {{T|Chuq súq hí?}}
Nuaq: {{T|Foa gı máo jí da.}}


Nuaq: {{T|Chuq jí shámu.}}
Mıao: {{T|Chuq súq hí da?}}
 
Nuaq: {{T|Chuq jí shámu da.}}
 
<nowiki>*</nowiki> Note that {{T|q}} is pronounced as the “ng” /ŋ/ sound in “sing” /sɪŋ/.


{{Details|English|Moon: Hi. I’m Moon. What’s your name?
{{Details|English|Moon: Hi. I’m Moon. What’s your name?
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Night: I am eating an apple.}}
Night: I am eating an apple.}}
===Vocabulary===
===Vocabulary===
{|
{|
Line 61: Line 68:
The most simplest word order in Toaq is VSO — verb - subject - object. Notice how “{{T|Chuq jí shámu}}” literally translates to “Eat I apple”.
The most simplest word order in Toaq is VSO — verb - subject - object. Notice how “{{T|Chuq jí shámu}}” literally translates to “Eat I apple”.


===1.3 - {{T|Mı}}===
=== 1.3 - Speech acts ===
Speech acts (also known as “illocutions”) tell the recepient the purpose of the sentence. In this lesson, you are introduced to two:
 
* {{T|da}} - declarative: used for statements.
* {{T|móq}} - interrogative: used for asking questions
 
===1.4 - {{T|Mı}}===
{{T|Mı}} is prefixed before the names of things and people (and others), i.e. proper nouns.
{{T|Mı}} is prefixed before the names of things and people (and others), i.e. proper nouns.


* {{T|Foa}}* {{T|gı mí Mıao.}} = “Moon feels good.”
* {{T|Foa}}* {{T|gı mí Mıao da.}} = “Moon feels good.”


<nowiki>*</nowiki> We will talk about why it’s not {{T|foa mí Mıao gí}} later in Lesson [TODO].
<nowiki>*</nowiki> We will talk about why it’s not {{T|foa mí Mıao gí}} later in Lesson [TODO].


=== 1.4 - {{T|Ma}} ===
=== 1.5 - {{T|Ma}} ===
{{T|Ma}} is used to ask yes-or-no questions.
{{T|Ma}} is used to ask yes-or-no questions.


Line 82: Line 95:
{{T|…}}
{{T|…}}


Nuaq: {{T|Hóı mí Mıao ꝡa naı noaq jí kúe ꝡë súq hóa.}}
Nuaq: {{T|Hóı mí Mıao ꝡa naı noaq jí kúe ꝡë kaı súq hóa.}}


Mıao: {{T|É? O. Neaochıaqca ní…}}
Mıao: {{T|Á? O. Neaochıaqca ní…}}


{{Details|English|Moon: What are you doing in this photo?!
{{Details|English|Moon: What are you doing in this photo?!
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Moon: Huh? Oh. That’s embarrassing…}}
Moon: Huh? Oh. That’s embarrassing…}}
===Vocabulary===
{|
|-
|{{t|buaı}}
|◌ is long
|-
|{{t|buq-}}
|prefix: ''augmentative''
|-
|{{t|hóa}}
|''(see grammar notes)''
|-
|{{t|hói}}
|vocative
|-
|{{T|jıa}}
|◌ happens in the future
|-
|{{t|jıbo}}
|◌ is mine
|-
|{{t|kıaq}}
|◌ is hair/fur
|-
|{{t|kıaqtoe}}
|◌ cuts the hair/fur of ◌
|-
|{{t|kue}}
|◌ is a book
|-
|{{t|naı}}
|◌ happens now
|-
|{{t|neaochıaqca}}
|◌ is embarrassing to ◌
|-
|{{t|noaq}}
|◌ reads ◌
|-
|{{t|po}}
|of
|-
|{{t|pu}}
|◌ happened in the past
|-
|{{t|tao}}
|◌ does ◌
|-
|{{t|tı}}
|◌ is at ◌
|-
|{{t|ꝡa}}
|''(see grammar notes)''
|-
|{{t|ꝡë}}
|''(see grammar notes)''
|}
===2.1 - Prepositions ===
Oh hey! New tone! The rising falling tone {{Done|4}} is used for prepositions and adverbs. Prepositions in Toaq use the second slot of a verb.
*{{T|tı}} = ◌ is at ◌
*{{T|Tı jí búajıo.}} = “I’m at the house.”
*{{T|Kuq jí tî búajıo.}} = “I talk at the house”
===2.2 - Tense===
Toaq has words for tense, but unlike in English, they’re not mandatory.
{|
|{{T|pu}}
|past
|-
|{{T|naı}}
|now
|-
|{{T|jıa}}
|future
|}
===2.3 - Adjectives ===
Adjectives come after the nouns they modify, similar to Spanish. Only the first word of a noun phrase gets the {{Done|2}} tone though, so adjectives get a {{Done|1}} tone like verbs.
===2.4 - Possession===
Possessive words come after the nouns they modify. Compare “X of Y” (rather than “Y’s X”) for English.
To make possessive forms of pronouns, add the suffix {{T|-bo}}.
*{{T|kúne jıbo}} = “my dog” (“the dog of me”)
*{{T|kúne suqbo}} = “your dog” (“the dog of you”)
To make other things possessive, use {{T|po}}.
*{{T|kúne po mı Nuaq}} = “Night’s dog” (“the dog of Night”)
===2.5 - {{T|Hói}} over there!===
The word {{T|hói}} is used for getting someone’s attention when saying their name to avoid potential confusion.
*{{T|Jadı mı Mıao}} ❌
*{{T|Jadı hói mı Mıao}} ✅
=== 2.6 - Ꝡha? ===
Ꝡhat’s this funny letter? The letter {{T|Ꝡ ꝡ}} can be pronounced as “w” /w/ or “y” /j/ depending on the previous vowel. It is pronounced as /w/ if the previous vowel was {{T|ı}} or {{T|e}} and /j/ if the previous vowel was {{T|o}} or {{T|u}}. Since it is not easily typed, it may be substituted with {{T|v}} or {{T|vy}}. Poor Ꝡ.
===2.7 - Ꝡa?===
{{T|Ꝡa}} is a (sometimes) word for marking the start of a new sentence. The reason it is used in {{T|Hóı mí Mıao ꝡa naı noaq jí kúe ꝡë súq hóa}} is to keep things separated. {{T|Ꝡa}}, along with its friends whom we will met later, are not required if the previous sentence ended with an illocution. Alternatively, if you wish to elide {{T|da}} or {{T|móq}}, you can start your sentence with {{T|ꝡa}}.
=== 2.8 - Prefixes ===
Toaq has a lot of prefixes which can change the meaning of words. In this lesson, you are introduced to the suffix {{T|buq-}}, the augmentative, expressing greater intensity. For example, a {{T|bụqkato}} can be a “large cat”.
The last prefix of a word is is always marked with an underdot and pronounced with a glottal stop (the middle sound in “uh'''-'''oh”). If you are unable to type the underdot, it is acceptable to use a hyphen after the last prefix instead.
===2.7 - Relative clauses===
If you don’t know what a relative clause is, an example from the dialogue is “the book <u>which you wrote</u>”. The “which you wrote” part is the relative clause.
{{t|Ꝡë}} marks the start of a relative clause and {{t|hóa}} is the resumptive pronoun. What’s that? Well, we need a way to know what the relative clause is referring to. There is a huge difference between “the book which I wrote” and “the book which wrote me”.
{|
|{{t|kúe}}
|{{t|ꝡë}}
|{{t|kaı}}
|{{t|jí}}
|{{t|hóa}}
|-
|book
|which
|write
|I
|''hóa''
|-
| colspan="5" |“the book which I wrote”
|}
Compare that to:
{|
|{{t|kúe}}
|{{t|ꝡë}}
|{{t|kaı}}
|{{red|{{t|hóa}}}}
|{{red|{{t|jí}}}}
|-
|book
|which
|write
|''hóa''
|I
|-
| colspan="5" |“the book which wrote {{red|me}}”
|}
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