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{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Toaq, But Easy, at Least in the Beginning''}}
{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Toaq, But Easy, at Least in the Beginning''}}
{{T|Hıo ka!}} Hello and welcome to ''Toaq, But Easy, at Least in the Beginning''. {{T|Mı Mıao jí.}} I am Mıao (Moon).
{{T|Hıo ka!}} Hello and welcome to ''Toaq, But Easy, at Least in the Beginning''. {{T|Mı Mıao jí.}} I am Mıao (Moon). We’ve got two lessons and it’s unlikely to get anything else done.


==1 - Nıq paı! - A new friend!==
<div class="toclimit-1">
Mıao: {{T|Jadı. Mı Mıao jí. Chua hí súq}}*{{T|?}}
__TOC__
</div>


Nuaq: {{T|Jadı. Mı Nuaq jí. Foa súq hí?}}
==1 - Sá paı nıq! - A new friend!==
Mıao: {{T|Jadı. Mı Mıao jí da. Chua hí súq móq}}*{{T|?}}


Mıao: {{T|Foa gı jí. Ma foa gı súq?}}
Nuaq: {{T|Jadı. Mı Nuaq jí da. Foa súq hí móq?}}


Nuaq: {{T|Foa gı máo jí.}}
Mıao: {{T|Foa gı jí da. Ma foa gı súq móq?}}


Mıao: {{T|Chuq súq hí?}}
Nuaq: {{T|Foa gı máo jí da.}}


Nuaq: {{T|Chuq jí shámu.}}
Mıao: {{T|Chuq súq hí da?}}
 
Nuaq: {{T|Chuq jí shámu da.}}
 
<nowiki>*</nowiki> Note that {{T|q}} is pronounced as the “ng” /ŋ/ sound in “sing” /sɪŋ/.


{{Details|English|Moon: Hi. I’m Moon. What’s your name?
{{Details|English|Moon: Hi. I’m Moon. What’s your name?
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Night: I am eating an apple.}}
Night: I am eating an apple.}}
<nowiki>*</nowiki> Note that {{T|q}} is pronounced as the “ng” sound in “sing”.


===Vocabulary===
===Vocabulary===
Line 64: Line 68:
The most simplest word order in Toaq is VSO — verb - subject - object. Notice how “{{T|Chuq jí shámu}}” literally translates to “Eat I apple”.
The most simplest word order in Toaq is VSO — verb - subject - object. Notice how “{{T|Chuq jí shámu}}” literally translates to “Eat I apple”.


===1.3 - {{T|Mı}}===
=== 1.3 - Speech acts ===
Speech acts (also known as “illocutions”) tell the recepient the purpose of the sentence. In this lesson, you are introduced to two:
 
* {{T|da}} - declarative: used for statements.
* {{T|móq}} - interrogative: used for asking questions
 
===1.4 - {{T|Mı}}===
{{T|Mı}} is prefixed before the names of things and people (and others), i.e. proper nouns.
{{T|Mı}} is prefixed before the names of things and people (and others), i.e. proper nouns.


* {{T|Foa}}* {{T|gı mí Mıao.}} = “Moon feels good.”
* {{T|Foa}}* {{T|gı mí Mıao da.}} = “Moon feels good.”


<nowiki>*</nowiki> We will talk about why it’s not {{T|foa mí Mıao gí}} later in Lesson [TODO].
<nowiki>*</nowiki> We will talk about why it’s not {{T|foa mí Mıao gí}} later in Lesson [TODO].


=== 1.4 - {{T|Ma}} ===
=== 1.5 - {{T|Ma}} ===
{{T|Ma}} is used to ask yes-or-no questions.
{{T|Ma}} is used to ask yes-or-no questions.


Line 85: Line 95:
{{T|…}}
{{T|…}}


Nuaq: {{T|Hóı mí Mıao ꝡa naı noaq jí kúe ꝡë súq hóa.}}
Nuaq: {{T|Hóı mí Mıao ꝡa naı noaq jí kúe ꝡë kaı súq hóa.}}


Mıao: {{T|É? O. Neaochıaqca ní…}}
Mıao: {{T|Á? O. Neaochıaqca ní…}}


{{Details|English|Moon: What are you doing in this photo?!
{{Details|English|Moon: What are you doing in this photo?!
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|-
|-
|{{t|buq-}}
|{{t|buq-}}
|prefix: very
|prefix: ''augmentative''
|-
|-
|{{t|hóa}}
|{{t|hóa}}
|
|''(see grammar notes)''
|-
|-
|{{t|hói}}
|{{t|hói}}
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|-
|-
|{{t|kıaqtoe}}
|{{t|kıaqtoe}}
|◌ cuts the hair/fur of ◌
|◌ cuts the hair/fur of ◌  
|-
|-
|{{t|kue}}
|{{t|kue}}
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|-
|-
|{{t|tao}}
|{{t|tao}}
|◌ does ◌
|◌ does ◌  
|-
|-
|{{t|tı}}
|{{t|tı}}
Line 153: Line 163:
|-
|-
|{{t|ꝡa}}
|{{t|ꝡa}}
|
|''(see grammar notes)''
|-
|-
|{{t|ꝡë}}
|{{t|ꝡë}}
|
|''(see grammar notes)''
|}
|}


===2.1 - Prepositions===
===2.1 - Prepositions ===
Oh hey! New tone! The rising falling tone {{Done|4}} is used for prepositions and adverbs. Prepositions in Toaq use the second slot of a verb.
Oh hey! New tone! The rising falling tone {{Done|4}} is used for prepositions and adverbs. Prepositions in Toaq use the second slot of a verb.


* {{T|tı}} = ◌ is at ◌  
*{{T|tı}} = ◌ is at ◌
* {{T|Tı jí búajıo.}} = “I’m at the house.”
*{{T|Tı jí búajıo.}} = “I’m at the house.”
* {{T|Kuq jí tî búajıo.}} = “I talk at the house”
*{{T|Kuq jí tî búajıo.}} = “I talk at the house”


=== 2.2 - Tense ===
===2.2 - Tense===
Toaq has words for tense, but unlike in English, they’re not mandatory.
Toaq has words for tense, but unlike in English, they’re not mandatory.
{|
{|
|{{T|pu}}
|{{T|pu}}
|past
|past  
|-
|-
|{{T|naı}}
|{{T|naı}}
|now
|now  
|-
|-
|{{T|jıa}}
|{{T|jıa}}
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|}
|}


=== 2.3 - Adjectives ===
===2.3 - Adjectives ===
Adjectives come after the nouns they modify, similar to Spanish. Only the first word of a noun phrase gets the {{Done|2}} tone though, so adjectives get a {{Done|1}} tone like verbs.
Adjectives come after the nouns they modify, similar to Spanish. Only the first word of a noun phrase gets the {{Done|2}} tone though, so adjectives get a {{Done|1}} tone like verbs.


=== 2.4 - Possession ===
===2.4 - Possession===
Possessive words come after the nouns they modify. Compare “X of Y” (rather than “Y’s X”) for English.
Possessive words come after the nouns they modify. Compare “X of Y” (rather than “Y’s X”) for English.


To make possessive forms of pronouns, add the suffix {{T|-bo}}.
To make possessive forms of pronouns, add the suffix {{T|-bo}}.


* {{T|kúne jıbo}} = “my dog” (“the dog of me”)
*{{T|kúne jıbo}} = “my dog” (“the dog of me”)
* {{T|kúne suqbo}} = “your dog” (“the dog of you”)
*{{T|kúne suqbo}} = “your dog” (“the dog of you”)


To make other things possessive, use {{T|po}}.
To make other things possessive, use {{T|po}}.


* {{T|kúne po mı Nuaq}} = “Night’s dog” (“the dog of Night”)
*{{T|kúne po mı Nuaq}} = “Night’s dog” (“the dog of Night”)
 
===2.5 - {{T|Hói}} over there!===
The word {{T|hói}} is used for getting someone’s attention when saying their name to avoid potential confusion.
 
*{{T|Jadı mı Mıao}} ❌
*{{T|Jadı hói mı Mıao}} ✅
 
=== 2.6 - Ꝡha? ===
Ꝡhat’s this funny letter? The letter {{T|Ꝡ ꝡ}} can be pronounced as “w” /w/ or “y” /j/ depending on the previous vowel. It is pronounced as /w/ if the previous vowel was {{T|ı}} or {{T|e}} and /j/ if the previous vowel was {{T|o}} or {{T|u}}. Since it is not easily typed, it may be substituted with {{T|v}} or {{T|vy}}. Poor Ꝡ.
 
===2.7 - Ꝡa?===
{{T|Ꝡa}} is a (sometimes) word for marking the start of a new sentence. The reason it is used in {{T|Hóı mí Mıao ꝡa naı noaq jí kúe ꝡë súq hóa}} is to keep things separated. {{T|Ꝡa}}, along with its friends whom we will met later, are not required if the previous sentence ended with an illocution. Alternatively, if you wish to elide {{T|da}} or {{T|móq}}, you can start your sentence with {{T|ꝡa}}.
 
=== 2.8 - Prefixes ===
Toaq has a lot of prefixes which can change the meaning of words. In this lesson, you are introduced to the suffix {{T|buq-}}, the augmentative, expressing greater intensity. For example, a {{T|bụqkato}} can be a “large cat”.


=== 2.5 - {{T|Hói}} over there! ===
The last prefix of a word is is always marked with an underdot and pronounced with a glottal stop (the middle sound in “uh'''-'''oh”). If you are unable to type the underdot, it is acceptable to use a hyphen after the last prefix instead.
The word {{T|hói}} is used for getting someone’s attention when saying their name.


* {{T|Jadı mı Mıao}} ❌
===2.7 - Relative clauses===
* {{T|Jadı hói mı Mıao}} ✅
If you don’t know what a relative clause is, an example from the dialogue is “the book <u>which you wrote</u>”. The “which you wrote” part is the relative clause.
 
{{t|Ꝡë}} marks the start of a relative clause and {{t|hóa}} is the resumptive pronoun. What’s that? Well, we need a way to know what the relative clause is referring to. There is a huge difference between “the book which I wrote” and “the book which wrote me”.
{|
|{{t|kúe}}
|{{t|ꝡë}}
|{{t|kaı}}
|{{t|jí}}
|{{t|hóa}}
|-
|book
|which
|write
|I
|''hóa''
|-
| colspan="5" |“the book which I wrote”
|}
Compare that to:
{|
|{{t|kúe}}
|{{t|ꝡë}}
|{{t|kaı}}
|{{red|{{t|hóa}}}}
|{{red|{{t|jí}}}}
|-
|book
|which
|write
|''hóa''
|I
|-
| colspan="5" |“the book which wrote {{red|me}}”
|}
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