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Negation: Difference between revisions
Scope diagrams
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== Scope == | == Scope == | ||
=== Quantifiers === | |||
The [[scope]] interactions with [[quantifier]]s can be surprising. Remember that quantifiers "float up" to the top of the clause, above {{t|bu}}. | The [[scope]] interactions with [[quantifier]]s can be surprising. Remember that quantifiers "float up" to the top of the clause, above {{t|bu}}. | ||
If we want to say "not all those who wander are lost", we might accidentally say: | If we want to say "not all those who wander are lost", we might accidentally say: | ||
{{ | <blockquote> | ||
{{Scope|1=red|2=Bu tıeqbıao <b>tú</b> neqkoı.}}<br>{{Scope|1=red|2=<small>∀ neqkoı</small> Bu tıeqbıao <b>néqkoı</b>.}}<br>Each wanderer is non-lost. 😱</blockquote> | |||
To get the right meaning, we have to instead say | To get the right meaning, we have to instead say | ||
{{ | <blockquote> | ||
{{Scope|1=red|2=Bu tıeqbıao <b>sá</b> neqkoı.}}<br>{{Scope|1=red|2=<small>∃ neqkoı</small> Bu tıeqbıao <b>néqkoı</b>.}}<br>Some wanderers are non-lost.</blockquote> | |||
Or we can use the verb {{t|sahu}} "to be false": | Or we can use the verb {{t|sahu}} "to be false": | ||
{{ | <blockquote> | ||
{{Scope|1=red|2=Sahu, {{Scope|#09f|<b>ꝡä</b> tıeqbıao <b>tú</b> neqkoı.}}}}<br>{{Scope|1=red|2=Sahu, {{Scope|#09f|<small>∀ neqkoı</small> <b>ꝡä</b> tıeqbıao <b>néqkoı</b>.}}}}<br>It's false that each wanderer is lost.</blockquote> | |||
=== Tenses === | |||
Here is how {{t|bu}} interacts with quantifiers and tenses: | Here is how {{t|bu}} interacts with quantifiers and tenses: | ||
{{Example|Mala bu chuq tú raı báq nam.|For each X: X has ever not-eaten bread.}} | {{Example|Mala bu chuq tú raı báq nam.|For each X: X has ever not-eaten bread.}} | ||
{{Example|Bu mala chuq tú raı báq nam.|For each X: X hasn't ever eaten bread.}} | {{Example|Bu mala chuq tú raı báq nam.|For each X: X hasn't ever eaten bread.}} | ||
=== Adverbs === | |||
{{t|bu}} scopes over adverbs, so you can't say {{t|Bu guaı nháo dûo sá joa}} to mean "he hasn't worked all week." Instead, this sentence means "it's false that he works for a week." See [[Adverbs are low]]. | |||
=== Connectives === | |||
Officially, {{t|rú}} is described as joining TPs, but what this actually boils down to is {{t|rú}} joins the highest phrase under a CP. In particular, {{t|rú}} scopes over negation: {{t|Bu kıa máq rú lue máq}} means "It's not red, and it ''is'' yellow." | |||