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== Phonology == | == Phonology == | ||
=== Phonemes === | |||
Toaq’s sound inventory consists of 22 consonant sounds, 5 vowel sounds, 4 diphthongs from those vowel sounds, and 4 tones. Here is a table with all of Toaq’s sounds and tones: | |||
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible" | |||
|+Consonants | |||
!Letter | |||
!Pronunciation (English approximation) | |||
!Pronunciation (IPA) | |||
!Audio | |||
|- | |||
|M/m | |||
|the M in "milk" | |||
|[m] | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
|B/b | |||
|the B in "ball" | |||
|[b] | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
|P/p | |||
|the first P in "prep" | |||
|[pʰ] | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
|F/f | |||
|the F in "flower" | |||
|[f] | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
|N/n | |||
|the N in "north" | |||
|[n] | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
|D/d | |||
|the D in "dark" | |||
|[d] | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
|Z/z | |||
|the DS in "toads" | |||
|[d͡z] | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
|C/c | |||
|the TS in "hats" | |||
|[t͡sʰ] | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
|S/s | |||
|the S in "sandwich" | |||
|[s] | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
|R/r | |||
|the TT in American "battery" | |||
|[ɾ] | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
|L/l | |||
|the L in "like" | |||
|[l] | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
|Nh/nh | |||
|the Ñ in "piñata" | |||
|[ɲ ~ nj] | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
|J/j | |||
|the J in "jeans" | |||
|[dʑ] | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
|Ch/ch | |||
|the CH in "cheese" | |||
|[t͡ɕʰ] | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
|Sh/sh | |||
|the SH in "sheep" | |||
|[ɕ] | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
|Ꝡ/ꝡ | |||
|the W in "walrus" ''or'' the Y in "yes" | |||
|[w ~ j] | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
|Q/q | |||
|the NG in "thing" | |||
|[ŋ] | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
|G/g | |||
|the G in "green" | |||
|[g] | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
|K/k | |||
|the C in "creek" | |||
|[kʰ] | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
|' | |||
|the stop in "uh-oh" | |||
|[ʔ] | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
|H/h | |||
|the H in "hat" | |||
|[h] | |||
| | |||
|} | |||
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible" | |||
|+Vowels | |||
!Letter | |||
!Pronunciation (English approximation) | |||
!Pronunciation (IPA) | |||
!Audio | |||
|- | |||
|A/a | |||
|the A in "bra" | |||
|[a] | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
|U/u | |||
|the OO in "boot" | |||
|[u ~ ʊ] | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
|I/ı | |||
|the EE in "free" | |||
|[i ~ ɪ] | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
|O/o | |||
|the AW in British "yawn" | |||
|[o ~ ɔ] | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
|E/e | |||
|the E in "bed" | |||
|[ɛ ~ e] | |||
| | |||
|} | |||
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible" | |||
|+Diphthongs | |||
!Letter | |||
!Pronunciation (English approximation) | |||
!Pronunciation (IPA) | |||
!Audio | |||
|- | |||
|Aı/aı | |||
|the Y in “cry” | |||
|[aɪ̯ ~ aj] | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
|Ao/ao | |||
|the OW in “wow” | |||
|[aʊ̯ ~ aw ~ aː.o] | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
|Oı/oı | |||
|the OY in “toy” | |||
|[ɔɪ̯ ~ ɔj] | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
|Eı/eı | |||
|the AY in “gray” | |||
|[ɛɪ̯ ~ ɛj] | |||
| | |||
|} | |||
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible" | |||
|+Tones | |||
!Diacritic | |||
!Pronunciation (IPA) | |||
!Audio | |||
|- | |||
|◌ (falling) | |||
|[˥˩ ~ ˨˩] | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
|◌́ (rising) | |||
|[˧˥ ~ ˨˩] | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
|◌̈ (glottal) | |||
|[˨ʔ˩] | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
|◌̂ (rising-falling) | |||
|[˧˥.˥˧ ~ ˨˩.˩˥] | |||
| | |||
|} | |||
== Determiners == | == Determiners == | ||