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Subclause Reform: Difference between revisions
Introduce sú to address all known remaining issues with the proposal
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The '''Subclause Reform''' is a proposal that changes the grammar of subclauses to fix some ambiguities, and make them more naturalistic. | The '''Subclause Reform''' is a proposal that changes the grammar of subclauses to fix some ambiguities, and make them more naturalistic. It is inspired by the [[Mö|mö proposal]] and builds on insights from the article [https://www.sfu.ca/~kmoulton/Moulton_CPs.pdf CPs: Copies and Compositionality].<ref>See also [https://people.umass.edu/scable/LING753-SP20/Handouts/6.Moulton-2015.pdf Arguments Against CPs as Arguments], which presents the article in a more compelling lecture format and provides additional discussion.</ref> | ||
== Motivation == | == Motivation == | ||
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{{Example|Jaıca ꝡä leo nháo jí.}} | {{Example|Jaıca ꝡä leo nháo jí.}} | ||
Again, it's not clear where the subclause ends, because {{T|jí}} could belong to either the inner or outer clause, depending on which verb is underfilled. Clearly, we need a better solution. | Again, it's not clear where the subclause ends, because {{T|jí}} could belong to either the inner or outer clause, depending on which verb is underfilled. Clearly, we need a better solution. | ||
== Content clauses == | == Content clauses == | ||
To avoid ambiguity when a content clause has a trailing adverb, we say that subclauses starting with {{T|ꝡä}}/{{T|lä}}/etc. can only appear at the very end of a clause, coming ''after'' the outer clause's trailing adverbs: | To avoid ambiguity when a content clause has a trailing adverb, we say that subclauses starting with {{T|ꝡä}}/{{T|lä}}/etc. can only appear at the very end of a clause, coming ''after'' the outer clause's trailing adverbs: | ||
{{Example|Zaı jí, ꝡä jıa tao nháo hóq nhûq súq.|I hope that they will do it for your sake.}}{{Example|Zaı jí nhûq súq, ꝡä jıa tao nháo hóq.|I hope for your sake that they will do it.}} | {{Example|Zaı jí, ꝡä jıa tao nháo hóq nhûq súq.|I hope that they will do it for your sake.}}{{Example|Zaı jí nhûq súq, ꝡä jıa tao nháo hóq.|I hope for your sake that they will do it.}} | ||
Normally, such a clause will fill in the final slot of the verb. But if you want to use a content clause as the subject of a transitive verb, for example, then you can use the word {{T|có}}, which is a lot like the 'it' in English "'''It''' delights me '''that''' they tried".<ref>Syntactically, we understand {{T|có}} as a trace of type <math>\text{e}</math> that the CP leaves behind when it moves. This trace may be covert if it occurs in the verb's final slot.</ref> | |||
{{Example|Gı có, ꝡä tı súq ní.|It's good that you're here.}}{{Example|Jaıca có jí, ꝡä leo nháo.|It delights me that they tried.}} | {{Example|Gı có, ꝡä tı súq ní.|It's good that you're here.}}{{Example|Jaıca có jí, ꝡä leo nháo.|It delights me that they tried.}} | ||
== Relative content clauses == | == Strict clauses == | ||
To turn a content clause into a nominalized construct, like English "the fact that" or "the plan to", we | The other central idea of this proposal is to restrict the grammar of certain subclauses. A '''strict clause''' has the following properties: | ||
{{Example|Cho jí sío, ꝡä mala tı sía seq úmo ní rıaq.|I like the thought that no one apart from us has ever been here before.}}{{Example|Táosıo, lä seraq nhâna kú râo núaq já, bï chı duı hıam jí hóq.|I think the plan to attack them at night is too dangerous.}} | |||
Just like normal relative clauses, these are | * The verb may not be underfilled. This means that {{T|chuq póq}} is not a valid strict clause, and instead we must use prefixes like {{T|hao-}} to explicitly reduce the verb's arity: {{T|hạochuq póq}}. | ||
* Adverbs may only appear at the start of the post-field, not at the end. So to turn {{T|geq jí páı tî hú seaırıaq}} into a strict clause, you would need to reword it as either {{T|geq tî hú seaırıaq jí páı}} or {{T|tî hú seaırıaq nä geq jí páı}}. | |||
* All subclauses of a strict clause must also be strict. | |||
The point of these restrictions is that, when taken together, you can put a strict clause nearly anywhere in a sentence and still tell unambiguously where the clause ends. | |||
=== Relative clauses === | |||
Relative clauses will be our first example of clauses that benefit from being strict. In the following examples, strictness makes it possible to know for sure which constituents belong to which clause: | |||
{{Example|Pıe jí cháı, ꝡë baı tâocıa súq hóa.|I drink the tea that you unintentionally made.}}{{Example|Pıe jí cháı, ꝡë baı súq hóa, tâocıa.|I unintentionally drink the tea that you made.}}{{Example|Chum kaqsı póq, ꝡë hạobuı hóa, jí.|The person who is outside is watching me.}}But the grammar isn't only sensitive to where relative clauses end, we also have to care about the nouns that they attach to; their '''antecedents'''. | |||
{{Example|Jéa lô chao, ꝡë cho súq hóa}}{{Example|Jéa po cháo, ꝡë cho súq hóa}}{{Example|Jéa, ꝡë nua hóa cháo, ꝡë cho súq hóa}} | |||
These examples are still ambiguous, because in each of them the relative clause {{T|ꝡë cho súq hóa}} could have either {{T|jea}} or {{T|chao}} as its antecedent. To solve this, we say that each relative clause must be matched by a {{T|sú}} in the antecedent, which acts as a placeholder to be filled in the with the clause's content. | |||
{{Example|Jéa sú [lô chao], ꝡë cho súq hóa|The buyer [of the vehicle] that you liked}}{{Example|Jéa lô [chao sú, ꝡë cho súq hóa]|The buyer of the [vehicle that you liked]}} | |||
By marking the antecedent explicitly, {{T|sú}} makes it clear which noun the relative clause attaches to. Of course, this makes relative clauses require some forethought and also become a bit more verbose, neither of which are desirable. So we actually allow {{T|sú}} to be covert (i.e. unspoken) most of the time, only becoming overt in strict clauses, predicatizers, and object-incorporated phrases. | |||
{{Example|Jéa [lô chao], ꝡë cho súq hóa|The buyer [of the vehicle] that you liked}}{{Example|Jéa lô [chao sú, ꝡë cho súq hóa]|The buyer of the [vehicle that you liked]}}{{Example|Tú poq, [ꝡë zao hóa ní suaqche], ꝡë ao pua tı hóa gíaqtue po súaqche|Everybody [who knows this singer] that would enjoy going to their concerts}}{{Example|Tú poq, ꝡë zao hóa [ní suaqche sú, ꝡë he fıeq hóa báq de]|Everybody who knows [this singer that writes beautiful songs]}} | |||
Another way to think of this behavior is that {{T|ꝡë}} prefers to avoid [[wikipedia:Center_embedding|center embedding]], and will only attach to nouns in a way that could produce center embedding if you force it to with {{T|sú}}. Tightly grouping {{T|ꝡë}} with the tonal morpheme {{Done|2}} to produce {{T|ꝡé}} will also force this attachment, despite using a covert {{T|sú}}. | |||
{{Example|Tú poq, ꝡë zao hóa [ꝡé he fıeq hóa báq gıaq de]|Everybody who knows [the one that writes beautiful songs]}} | |||
=== Event accessor phrases === | |||
In official Toaq, the event accessor {{T|ë}} is said to turn a subclause into a verb. But this grammar creates multiple problems: | |||
* The semantic type of event accessor phrases is different from that of verbs; it lacks an event place. | |||
* It can be ambiguous where the subclause ends, especially if an event accessor verb were followed by adjectives. | |||
Therefore this proposal changes event accessor phrases to have the grammar of relative clauses rather than verbs. That is, {{T|ë}} opens strict clauses, and may only appear after a nominal antecedent marked with {{T|sú}}. Just as with relative clauses, this {{T|sú}} may be covert. | |||
{{Example|Ké paı, ꝡë luı gaı hóa tú sú ë hạobuaq jí|Those friends that have seen every time I've failed}}{{Example|Jôı tú mabala ë dea nháo láqbıo nä jeaq rueqmoe jí.|With each horrible striking of the bell, I grew more tense.}}{{Example|Kaq jí é marao súq.|I saw you dance.}} | |||
=== Relative content clauses === | |||
To turn a content clause into a nominalized construct, like English "the fact that" or "the plan to", we introduce a new piece of grammar: a '''relative content clause'''. The word {{T|ꝡä}} attaches to a determiner phrase as if it was a relative clause, and says that the phrase's '''propositional content''' is given by the content clause that follows. | |||
{{Example|Cho jí sío sú, ꝡä mala tı sía seq úmo ní rıaq.|I like the thought that no one apart from us has ever been here before.}}{{Example|Táosıo sú, lä seraq nhâna kú râo núaq já, bï chı duı hıam jí hóq.|I think the plan to attack them at night is too dangerous.}} | |||
Just like normal relative clauses, these clauses are strict and must be matched by a {{T|sú}} in the antecedent. But the conditions under which {{T|sú}} may be covert are a little different: {{T|ꝡä}} and its friends much prefer to act as the complement of a verb, so {{T|sú}} will normally need to be overt to force these words to attach as a relative content clause. {{T|Sú}} may only be covert when {{T|ꝡä}} is tightly bound to the tonal morpheme {{Done|2}} as {{T|ꝡá}}: | |||
{{Example|Hạle, ꝡá sho suhu hóe, ꝡá dana súq jí.|It is more likely that the sun turns into a pig than that you beat me.}}{{Example|Má tı ríaq Éoropa, bï bu moaq jí hụ́ma.|As for whether that place is in Europe, I do not remember that.}} | {{Example|Hạle, ꝡá sho suhu hóe, ꝡá dana súq jí.|It is more likely that the sun turns into a pig than that you beat me.}}{{Example|Má tı ríaq Éoropa, bï bu moaq jí hụ́ma.|As for whether that place is in Europe, I do not remember that.}} | ||
Notice that nominalizing a content clause with {{T|ꝡá}} allows it to appear directly in topic or subject position, whereas a {{T|ꝡä}} clause is much more limited in its positioning. | Notice that nominalizing a content clause with {{T|ꝡá}} allows it to appear directly in topic or subject position, whereas a {{T|ꝡä}} clause is much more limited in its positioning. | ||
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{{Example|Feq jí, ꝡá za ruqshua râo ní nuaq ía.|I sense that it's going to rain tonight.}} | {{Example|Feq jí, ꝡá za ruqshua râo ní nuaq ía.|I sense that it's going to rain tonight.}} | ||
This dummy argument {{T|ía}} corresponds to the 'it' in the English translation; it doesn't refer to anything, but is necessary for the sentence to be grammatical. | This dummy argument {{T|ía}} corresponds to the 'it' in the English translation; it doesn't refer to anything, but is necessary for the sentence to be grammatical. | ||