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{{refgram|syntax|complementizer phrases}} | {{refgram|syntax|complementizer phrases}} | ||
A '''complementizer''' is a word that starts a clause, like {{ | A '''complementizer''' is a word that starts a clause, like {{d|ꝡa}} or {{d|mä}} or {{d|ꝡë}}. | ||
In Toaq, main clauses start with a complementizers in {{done|1}}, whereas subordinate clauses start with complementizer in {{done|3}}. The complementizers are: | In Toaq, main clauses start with a complementizers in {{done|1}}, whereas subordinate clauses start with complementizer in {{done|3}}. The complementizers are: | ||
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! Type !! Main clause !! Subclause !! Meaning | ! Type !! Main clause !! Subclause !! Meaning | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Declarative or wh-question || {{ | | Declarative or wh-question || {{d|ꝡa}} || {{d|ꝡä}} || "that" | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Yes-no question || {{ | | Yes-no question || {{d|ma}} || {{d|mä}} || "whether" | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Degree question || {{ | | Degree question || {{d|tıo}} || {{d|tïo}} || "how (much)" | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Restrictive [[relative clause]] || || {{ | | Restrictive [[relative clause]] || || {{d|ꝡë}} || "which" | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Non-restrictive relative clause || || {{ | | Non-restrictive relative clause || || {{d|jü}} || "which" | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[Property]] / lambda clause || || {{ | | [[Property]] / lambda clause || || {{d|lä}} || "λ" | ||
|} | |} | ||
== Null complementizers == | == Null complementizers == | ||
English doesn't really have an equivalent of {{ | English doesn't really have an equivalent of {{d|ꝡa}}: you can't say something like *''That I like this book.'' in the main clause. But in Toaq, it's perfectly normal to say {{d|Ꝡa cho jí ní [kue].}} The word {{d|ꝡa}} acts as a [[sentence fence]]. | ||
Conversely, English allows for a "null complementizer" in a subclause: instead of ''I know <u>that</u> you like this book'', you can say ''I know you like this book''. In Toaq, this is not allowed: you must say {{ | Conversely, English allows for a "null complementizer" in a subclause: instead of ''I know <u>that</u> you like this book'', you can say ''I know you like this book''. In Toaq, this is not allowed: you must say {{d|Dua jí, ꝡä cho súq ní [kue]}}. Only the declarative main-clause complementizer {{d|ꝡa}} is optional. |