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Determiner: Difference between revisions
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A '''determiner''' is a particle that consumes a predicate phrase and produces a noun phrase. | |||
For example: {{t|sa}} “some” is a | For example: {{t|sa}} “some” is a determiner, {{t|bỉo}} “…is a cup” is a predicate phrase, and {{t|sa bỉo}} is a noun phrase meaning “some cup(s)”. | ||
Semantically, these particles tend to correspond to logical '''quantifiers''' over a now-bound variable, plus an occurence of that variable. For example, the {{t|sa}} determiner corresponds to the <math>\exists</math> quantifier. The tagged predicate phrase doubles both as a ''domain'' and a ''name'' for the variable. | |||
In short, {{t|sa bỉo}} does three things: | In short, {{t|sa bỉo}} does three things: | ||
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<blockquote> | <blockquote> | ||
{{t|Hẻaq jí <u>sa bỉo</u>.}}<br> | {{t|Hẻaq jí <u>sa bỉo</u>.}}<br> | ||
<math>{\color{red}\exists \textsf{bio}}: {\color{orange}\textrm{Bio}(\textsf{bio}) \,\wedge} \, \textrm{Heaq}(\textsf{ji}, {\color{teal}\textsf{bio}})</math> | <math>{\color{red}\exists \textsf{bio}}: {\color{orange}\textrm{Bio}(\textsf{bio}) \,\wedge} \, \textrm{Heaq}(\textsf{ji}, {\color{teal}\textsf{bio}})</math><br> | ||
I'm holding some cup(s). | |||
</blockquote> | </blockquote> | ||
== Determiner particles == | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
! Word !! Meaning | |||
|- | |||
| {{t|sa}} || some X | |||
|- | |||
| {{t|tuq}} || every X | |||
|- | |||
| {{t|tushı}} || each X | |||
|- | |||
| {{t|tuq}} || all X | |||
|- | |||
| {{t|sıa}} || no X | |||
|- | |||
| {{t|ke}} || the X | |||
|- | |||
| {{t|hoı}} || the aforementioned X | |||
|- | |||
| {{t|baq}} || X in general, X-[[kind]] | |||
|- | |||
| {{t|hı}} || which X? | |||
|- | |||
| {{t|ja}} || λX | |||
|} | |||
Additionally, {{tone|2}} can be analyzed as a tonal pseudo-determiner that refers to bound variables, or falls back to "implicitly-bound" {{t|ke X}} if there is no earlier binding. | |||
=== Every, each, all === | |||
{{t|tu bỉo}} quantifies over the range of "cups-es". The possible values of {{t|bío}} include not only individual cups, but also groups of cups. A group of cups is also a {{t|bỉo}}, after all. | |||
This can lead to surprising behavior (TODO example), and you want to say {{t|tushı}} instead. | |||
{{t|tushı bỉo}} quantifies over "cups-es that are one", i.e. '''each''' individual cup. It's like {{t|tu bỉo ru shỉ}}. | |||
{{t|tuq bỉo}} doesn't make a "for-all" statement. Instead it refers to the single entity "all cups (together)". | |||