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Cheat sheet/Gamma: Difference between revisions
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== Vocab == | == Vocab == | ||
=== Pronouns === | === Pronouns === | ||
* {{t| | * {{t|jí}} = me | ||
* {{t| | * {{t|súq}} = you | ||
* {{t| | * {{t|nháo}} = him/her/them | ||
* {{t| | * {{t|múy}} = me+you | ||
* {{t| | * {{t|míy}} = me+them | ||
* {{t| | * {{t|máy}} = me+you+them | ||
* {{t| | * {{t|há}} = one (impersonal) | ||
* {{t| | These pronouns refer back to words of a certain [[animacy class]]: | ||
* {{t| | * {{t|hó}} = him/her/them (animate) | ||
* {{t| | * {{t|máq}} = it (inanimate) | ||
* {{t| | * {{t|hóq}} = it (abstract) | ||
* {{t|tá}} = it (adjective) | |||
Attach {{t|-bo}} to pronouns to make genitive words: | Attach {{t|-bo}} to pronouns to make genitive words: | ||
* {{t|jıbo}} | * {{t|jıbo}} = ___ is mine | ||
* {{t|suqbo}} | * {{t|suqbo}} = ___ is yours | ||
* {{t|maqbo}} | * {{t|maqbo}} = ___ is its (inanimate) | ||
=== Everyday vocab === | === Everyday vocab === | ||
* {{t|poq}} | * {{t|poq}} = ___ is a person | ||
* {{t|ocha}} | * {{t|ocha}} = ___ is a human | ||
* {{t|nıaı}} | * {{t|nıaı}} = ___ is an animal | ||
* {{t|deo}} | * {{t|deo}} = ___ is a child | ||
* {{t|kato}} | * {{t|kato}} = ___ is a cat | ||
* {{t|kune}} | * {{t|kune}} = ___ is a dog | ||
* {{t|cıe}} | * {{t|cıe}} = ___ is a fish | ||
* {{t|hoe}} | * {{t|hoe}} = ___ is a sun | ||
* {{t|mıao}} | * {{t|mıao}} = ___ is a moon | ||
* {{t|nao}} | * {{t|nao}} = ___ is water | ||
* {{t|haq}} | * {{t|haq}} = ___ is food | ||
* {{t|rua}} | * {{t|rua}} = ___ is a flower | ||
<br/> | <br/> | ||
* {{t|maı}} | * {{t|maı}} = ___ loves ___ | ||
* {{t|paı}} | * {{t|paı}} = ___ is a friend of ___ | ||
* {{t|cho}} | * {{t|cho}} = ___ likes ___ | ||
* {{t|hıo}} | * {{t|hıo}} = ___ greets ___ | ||
* {{t|chuq}} | * {{t|chuq}} = ___ eats ___ | ||
* {{t|pıe}} | * {{t|pıe}} = ___ drinks ___ | ||
* {{t|kuq}} | * {{t|kuq}} = ___ says ___ to ___ | ||
* {{t|gı}} | * {{t|koy}} = ___ talks to ___ | ||
* {{t|huı}} | * {{t|gı}} = ___ is good | ||
* {{t|kıa}} | * {{t|huı}} = ___ is bad | ||
* {{t|mıo}} | * {{t|de}} = ___ is beautiful | ||
* {{t|bao}} | * {{t|kıa}} = ___ is red | ||
* {{t|kuo}} | * {{t|mıo}} = ___ is blue | ||
* {{t|tı}} | * {{t|bao}} = ___ is white | ||
* {{t|nıe}} | * {{t|kuo}} = ___ is black | ||
* {{t|neo}} | * {{t|tı}} = ___ is at ___ | ||
* {{t|nıe}} = ___ is inside ___ | |||
* {{t|neo}} = ___ is on top of ___ | |||
<br/> | <br/> | ||
* {{t|toa}} | * {{t|toa}} = ___ is a word | ||
* {{t|muı}} | * {{t|muı}} = ___ is a meaning of ___ | ||
* {{t|toaq}} | * {{t|toaq}} = ___ is Toaqic | ||
<br/> | <br/> | ||
* {{t|dua}} | * {{t|dua}} = ___ knows ___ | ||
* {{t|chı}} | * {{t|chı}} = ___ believes ___ | ||
* {{t|mıu}} | * {{t|mıu}} = ___ opines ___ | ||
* {{t|gaı}} | * {{t|gaı}} = ___ senses ___ | ||
* {{t|kuaı}} | * {{t|kuaı}} = ___ longs to do ___ | ||
* {{t|leo}} | * {{t|leo}} = ___ tries to do ___ | ||
* {{t|tua}} | * {{t|tua}} = ___ makes ___ happen | ||
* {{t|shao}} | * {{t|shao}} = ___ wants ___ to happen | ||
* {{t|choq}} | * {{t|choq}} = ___ uses ___ to do ___ | ||
<br/> | <br/> | ||
* {{t|ca}} | * {{t|ca}} = ___ causes ___ | ||
* {{t|kuı}} | * {{t|kuı}} = ___ is because ___ | ||
* {{t|bu}} | * {{t|bu}} = ___ is false | ||
* {{t|le}} | * {{t|le}} = ___ is likely | ||
* {{t|daı}} | * {{t|daı}} = ___ is possible | ||
* {{t|raı}} | * {{t|raı}} = ___ is something | ||
* {{t|nı}} | * {{t|nı}} = ___ is this/that | ||
=== Tenses and aspects === | === Tenses and aspects === | ||
* {{t|pu}} | * {{t|pu}} = ___ happened | ||
* {{t|naı}} | * {{t|naı}} = ___ happens now | ||
* {{t|jıa}} | * {{t|jıa}} = ___ will happen | ||
* {{t|ceo}} | * {{t|ceo}} = ___ starts to happen | ||
* {{t|chufaq}} | * {{t|chufaq}} = ___ is happening | ||
* {{t|shaı}} | * {{t|shaı}} = ___ stops happening | ||
* {{t|shıu}} | * {{t|shıu}} = ___ happens before ___ | ||
* {{t|rao}} | * {{t|rao}} = ___ happens during ___ | ||
* {{t|bıe}} | * {{t|bıe}} = ___ happens after ___ | ||
* {{t|nıqguo}} | * {{t|nıqguo}} = ___ happens again | ||
* {{t|he}} | * {{t|he}} = ___ is gnomically true | ||
== Sentence structure == | == Sentence structure == | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
! | ! (Connector) !! (Topic) !! Body !! (Illocution) | ||
|- | |||
| {{t|Je,}} (Well,) | |||
| rowspan="5" | {{t|háq bı,}} | |||
| rowspan="5" | {{t|gỉ máq jìe nháo}} | |||
| {{t|da.}} (statement) | |||
|- | |||
| {{t|Keo,}} (However,) | |||
| {{t|moq?}} (question) | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | {{t|Tıu,}} (So,) | ||
| {{t|ba.}} (wish) | |||
|- | |||
| {{t|Nhu,}} (Anyway,) | |||
| {{t|nha.}} (promise) | |||
|} | |} | ||
== Tones == | == Tones == | ||
| Line 122: | Line 132: | ||
=== Mid-falling tone {{tone|6}} === | === Mid-falling tone {{tone|6}} === | ||
A [[preposition]], which makes an [[adverbial]] with the following noun phrase. | |||
It can go before or after the arguments to the main verb. | |||
* {{t|nèo míao}} = "on the moon" | |||
* {{t|Kỏy jí súq <u>nèo míao</u>.}} = "I talk to you on the moon." | |||
* {{t|Mảı jí súq <u>kùı pâı súq jí</u>.}} = "I love you because you are my friend." | |||
=== Falling creaky tone {{tone|7}} === | === Falling creaky tone {{tone|7}} === | ||
An [[adverb]]. It can go before or after the arguments to the main verb. | |||
* {{t|dãı}} = "possibly" | |||
* {{t|Chỉ hó hóq <u>dãı</u> da.}} = "They possibly believe it." | |||
=== Neutral tone {{tone|8}} === | === Neutral tone {{tone|8}} === | ||
Used for function words like illocutions. Pronounced as any tonal "break" with the contour of the last word. | |||
== [[Determiners]] == | |||
Combine with a verb to make a "determiner phrase". | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
! {{t|sa cỉe}} || a/some fish | |||
|- | |||
! {{t|tu cỉe}} || every fish | |||
|- | |||
! {{t|sıa cỉe}} || no fish | |||
|- | |||
! {{t|ke cỉe}} || the fish | |||
|- | |||
! {{t|[[baq]] cỉe}} || fish | |||
|- | |||
! {{t|hı cỉe}} || which fish? | |||
|} | |||
Or you can omit the verb: {{t|sa}} = "something", {{t|sıa}} = "nothing"… | |||
== Conjunctions == | == Conjunctions == | ||
ru, | * {{t|<u>Gỉ ra dẻ</u> baq kảto da.}} = "Cats are good '''and/or''' beautiful." | ||
* {{t|<u>Gỉ ro hủı</u> baq hảq da.}} = "Food is '''either''' good '''or''' bad." | |||
* {{t|Rẻı <u>súq ru jí</u> múao.}} = "You '''and''' I surround the tree." (Both I do, and you do.) | |||
* {{t|Rẻı <u>súq roı jí</u> múao.}} = "You '''and''' I (together) surround the tree." | |||
== Quotations and names == | == Quotations and names == | ||
mo, teo, mi | mo, teo, mi | ||