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Cheat sheet/Gamma: Difference between revisions

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== Vocab ==
== Vocab ==
=== Pronouns ===
=== Pronouns ===
* {{t|}}: ___ is me
* {{t|}} = me
* {{t|suq}}: ___ is you
* {{t|súq}} = you
* {{t|nhao}}: ___ is him/her/them
* {{t|nháo}} = him/her/them
* {{t|muy}}: ___ is me+you
* {{t|múy}} = me+you
* {{t|mıy}}: ___ is me+them
* {{t|míy}} = me+them
* {{t|may}}: ___ is me+you+them
* {{t|máy}} = me+you+them
* {{t|ha}}: ___ is one (impersonal)
* {{t|}} = one (impersonal)
<br/>
 
* {{t|ho}}: ___ is him/her/them (refers back to an animate word)
These pronouns refer back to words of a certain [[animacy class]]:
* {{t|maq}}: ___ is it (…inanimate word)
* {{t|}} = him/her/them (animate)
* {{t|hoq}}: ___ is it (…abstract word)
* {{t|máq}} = it (inanimate)
* {{t|ta}}: ___ is it (…adjective)
* {{t|hóq}} = it (abstract)
* {{t|}} = it (adjective)


Attach {{t|-bo}} to pronouns to make genitive words:
Attach {{t|-bo}} to pronouns to make genitive words:
* {{t|jıbo}}: ___ is mine
* {{t|jıbo}} = ___ is mine
* {{t|suqbo}}: ___ is yours
* {{t|suqbo}} = ___ is yours
* {{t|maqbo}}: ___ is its (inanimate)
* {{t|maqbo}} = ___ is its (inanimate)


=== Everyday vocab ===
=== Everyday vocab ===
* {{t|poq}}: ___ is a person
* {{t|poq}} = ___ is a person
* {{t|ocha}}: ___ is a human
* {{t|ocha}} = ___ is a human
* {{t|nıaı}}: ___ is an animal
* {{t|nıaı}} = ___ is an animal
* {{t|deo}}: ___ is a child
* {{t|deo}} = ___ is a child
* {{t|kato}}: ___ is a cat
* {{t|kato}} = ___ is a cat
* {{t|kune}}: ___ is a dog
* {{t|kune}} = ___ is a dog
* {{t|cıe}}: ___ is a fish
* {{t|cıe}} = ___ is a fish
* {{t|hoe}}: ___ is a sun
* {{t|hoe}} = ___ is a sun
* {{t|mıao}}: ___ is a moon
* {{t|mıao}} = ___ is a moon
* {{t|nao}}: ___ is water
* {{t|nao}} = ___ is water
* {{t|haq}}: ___ is food
* {{t|haq}} = ___ is food
* {{t|rua}}: ___ is a flower
* {{t|rua}} = ___ is a flower
<br/>
<br/>
* {{t|maı}}: ___ loves ___
* {{t|maı}} = ___ loves ___
* {{t|paı}}: ___ is a friend of ___
* {{t|paı}} = ___ is a friend of ___
* {{t|cho}}: ___ likes ___
* {{t|cho}} = ___ likes ___
* {{t|hıo}}: ___ greets ___
* {{t|hıo}} = ___ greets ___
* {{t|chuq}}: ___ eats ___
* {{t|chuq}} = ___ eats ___
* {{t|pıe}}: ___ drinks ___
* {{t|pıe}} = ___ drinks ___
* {{t|kuq}}: ___ says ___ to ___
* {{t|kuq}} = ___ says ___ to ___
* {{t|gı}}: ___ is good
* {{t|koy}} = ___ talks to ___
* {{t|huı}}: ___ is bad
* {{t|gı}} = ___ is good
* {{t|kıa}}: ___ is red
* {{t|huı}} = ___ is bad
* {{t|mıo}}: ___ is blue
* {{t|de}} = ___ is beautiful
* {{t|bao}}: ___ is white
* {{t|kıa}} = ___ is red
* {{t|kuo}}: ___ is black
* {{t|mıo}} = ___ is blue
* {{t|tı}}: ___ is at ___
* {{t|bao}} = ___ is white
* {{t|nıe}}: ___ is inside ___
* {{t|kuo}} = ___ is black
* {{t|neo}}: ___ is on top of ___
* {{t|tı}} = ___ is at ___
* {{t|nıe}} = ___ is inside ___
* {{t|neo}} = ___ is on top of ___
<br/>
<br/>
* {{t|toa}}: ___ is a word
* {{t|toa}} = ___ is a word
* {{t|muı}}: ___ is a meaning of ___
* {{t|muı}} = ___ is a meaning of ___
* {{t|toaq}}: ___ is Toaqic
* {{t|toaq}} = ___ is Toaqic
<br/>
<br/>
* {{t|dua}}: ___ knows ___
* {{t|dua}} = ___ knows ___
* {{t|chı}}: ___ believes ___
* {{t|chı}} = ___ believes ___
* {{t|mıu}}: ___ opines ___
* {{t|mıu}} = ___ opines ___
* {{t|gaı}}: ___ senses ___
* {{t|gaı}} = ___ senses ___
* {{t|kuaı}}: ___ longs to do ___
* {{t|kuaı}} = ___ longs to do ___
* {{t|leo}}: ___ tries to do ___
* {{t|leo}} = ___ tries to do ___
* {{t|tua}}: ___ makes ___ happen
* {{t|tua}} = ___ makes ___ happen
* {{t|shao}}: ___ wants ___ to happen
* {{t|shao}} = ___ wants ___ to happen
* {{t|choq}}: ___ uses ___ to do ___
* {{t|choq}} = ___ uses ___ to do ___
<br/>
<br/>
* {{t|ca}}: ___ causes ___
* {{t|ca}} = ___ causes ___
* {{t|kuı}}: ___ is because ___
* {{t|kuı}} = ___ is because ___
* {{t|bu}}: ___ is false
* {{t|bu}} = ___ is false
* {{t|le}}: ___ is likely
* {{t|le}} = ___ is likely
* {{t|daı}}: ___ is possible
* {{t|daı}} = ___ is possible
* {{t|raı}}: ___ is something
* {{t|raı}} = ___ is something
* {{t|nı}}: ___ is this/that
* {{t|nı}} = ___ is this/that
=== Tenses and aspects ===
=== Tenses and aspects ===
* {{t|pu}}: ___ happened
* {{t|pu}} = ___ happened
* {{t|naı}}: ___ happens now
* {{t|naı}} = ___ happens now
* {{t|jıa}}: ___ will happen
* {{t|jıa}} = ___ will happen
* {{t|ceo}}: ___ starts to happen
* {{t|ceo}} = ___ starts to happen
* {{t|chufaq}}: ___ is happening
* {{t|chufaq}} = ___ is happening
* {{t|shaı}}: ___ stops happening
* {{t|shaı}} = ___ stops happening
* {{t|shıu}}: ___ happens before ___
* {{t|shıu}} = ___ happens before ___
* {{t|rao}}: ___ happens during ___
* {{t|rao}} = ___ happens during ___
* {{t|bıe}}: ___ happens after ___
* {{t|bıe}} = ___ happens after ___
* {{t|nıqguo}}: ___ happens again
* {{t|nıqguo}} = ___ happens again
* {{t|he}}: ___ is gnomically true
* {{t|he}} = ___ is gnomically true


== Sentence structure ==
== Sentence structure ==
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
! Je !! háq bı !! gỉ máq jìe jí !! da.
! (Connector) !! (Topic) !! Body !! (Illocution)
|-
| {{t|Je,}} (Well,)
| rowspan="5" | {{t|háq bı,}}
| rowspan="5" | {{t|gỉ máq jìe nháo}}
| {{t|da.}} (statement)
|-
| {{t|Keo,}} (However,)
| {{t|moq?}} (question)
|-
|-
| Connector || Topic || Body '''(required)''' || Illocution
| {{t|Tıu,}} (So,)
| {{t|ba.}} (wish)
|-
| {{t|Nhu,}} (Anyway,)
| {{t|nha.}} (promise)
|}
|}
* Connector: {{t|je}} (new topic), {{t|keo}} (but), {{t|tıu}} (so)…
* Topic: terms the sentence is about, then {{t|bı}}
* Body: main verb, followed by terms (subject, object…)
* Illocution: {{t|da}} (statement), {{t|moq}} (question), {{t|ba}} (wish), {{t|nha}} (promise)…


== Tones ==
== Tones ==
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=== Mid-falling tone {{tone|6}} ===
=== Mid-falling tone {{tone|6}} ===
A [[preposition]], which makes an [[adverbial]] with the following noun phrase.
It can go before or after the arguments to the main verb.
* {{t|nèo míao}} = "on the moon"
* {{t|Kỏy jí súq <u>nèo míao</u>.}} = "I talk to you on the moon."
* {{t|Mảı jí súq <u>kùı pâı súq jí</u>.}} = "I love you because you are my friend."
=== Falling creaky tone {{tone|7}} ===
=== Falling creaky tone {{tone|7}} ===
An [[adverb]]. It can go before or after the arguments to the main verb.
* {{t|dãı}} = "possibly"
* {{t|Chỉ hó hóq <u>dãı</u> da.}} = "They possibly believe it."
=== Neutral tone {{tone|8}} ===
=== Neutral tone {{tone|8}} ===
Used for function words like illocutions. Pronounced as any tonal "break" with the contour of the last word.
== [[Determiners]] ==
Combine with a verb to make a "determiner phrase".
{| class="wikitable"
! {{t|sa cỉe}} || a/some fish
|-
! {{t|tu cỉe}} || every fish
|-
! {{t|sıa cỉe}} || no fish
|-
! {{t|ke cỉe}} || the fish
|-
! {{t|[[baq]] cỉe}} || fish
|-
! {{t|hı cỉe}} || which fish?
|}
Or you can omit the verb: {{t|sa}} = "something", {{t|sıa}} = "nothing"…


== Determiners ==
sa, sia, tu, baq, hoi
== Conjunctions ==
== Conjunctions ==
ru, ra, ro
* {{t|<u>Gỉ ra dẻ</u> baq kảto da.}} = "Cats are good '''and/or''' beautiful."
* {{t|<u>Gỉ ro hủı</u> baq hảq da.}} = "Food is '''either''' good '''or''' bad."
* {{t|Rẻı <u>súq ru jí</u> múao.}} = "You '''and''' I surround the tree." (Both I do, and you do.)
* {{t|Rẻı <u>súq roı jí</u> múao.}} = "You '''and''' I (together) surround the tree."
 
== Quotations and names ==
== Quotations and names ==
mo, teo, mi
mo, teo, mi