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Verb: Difference between revisions
I'll do this the old-fashioned way then
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In Toaq, a '''verb''' ({{t|jeotoame}}) is any phrase with the same grammatical behavior as a single [[atomic verb]]. | |||
A verb is either: | |||
* A single-word [[atomic verb]]. (See that article for why "young" is a verb in Toaq.) | |||
** {{t|Nỉo nháo da.}} "They are young." | |||
* An [[analytic verb]], consisting of more than one word: | |||
** An '''object-incorporating verb''' ({{t|po, mea, jeı}}) followed its incorporated object [[noun phrase]], optionally terminated by {{t|ga}}. | |||
*** {{t|Mẻa chíeme nháo da.}} "They are among the class." | |||
** A '''name verb''' ({{t|mı, mıru}}) followed by a name [[phrase]], optionally terminated by {{t|ga}}. | |||
*** {{t|Mỉ Sảra nháo da.}} "They are Sara." | |||
** A '''free relative''' construction: {{t|lu … (ky)}}, where the phrase's [[resumptive pronoun]] {{t|hóa}} is the argument of the verb. | |||
*** {{t|Lủ sẻa hóa dãqleı ky nháo da.}} "They are someone who rarely rests." | |||
** A [[serial verb]], made by juxtaposing a non-serial verb with another verb. | |||
*** {{t|Jỏaı kảqshıa nháo da.}} "They seek glasses." | |||
*** {{t|Pỏ súq ga chỉetuache nháo da.}} "They are your teacher". | |||
**** The common {{t|pỏ X ga Y}} "is X's Y" construction is a serial verb of {{t|pỏ X ga}} ("is X's") and {{t|Y}}. The {{t|ga}} is mandatory in this position, otherwise {{t|súq chỉetuache}} would be interpreted as a serial verb conjugated in {{tone|2}}. | |||
When tone-conjugating a verb, only the {{tone|4}} on the first word changes to the new tone: | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
! {{tone|2}} | |||
! {{tone|3}} | |||
! {{tone|4}} | |||
! {{tone|5}} | |||
|- | |||
| {{t|nío}}<br>the young one | |||
| {{t|nïo hóa}} <span style="opacity:0.5">{{t|cy}}</span><br>…who is young | |||
| {{t|nỉo}}<br>is young | |||
| {{t|nîo (súq)}} <span style="opacity:0.5">{{t|cy}}</span><br>that (you) are young | |||
|- | |||
| {{t|méa chíeme}}<br>the one among the class | |||
| {{t|mëa chíeme hóa}} <span style="opacity:0.5">{{t|cy}}</span><br>…who is among the class | |||
| {{t|mẻa chíeme}}<br>is among the class | |||
| {{t|mêa chíeme (súq)}} <span style="opacity:0.5">{{t|cy}}</span><br>that (you) are among the class | |||
|- | |||
| {{t|mí Sảra}}<br>(the) Sara | |||
| {{t|mï Sảra hóa}} <span style="opacity:0.5">{{t|cy}}</span><br>…who is Sara | |||
| {{t|mỉ Sảra}}<br>is Sara | |||
| {{t|mî Sảra (súq)}} <span style="opacity:0.5">{{t|cy}}</span><br>that (you) are Sara | |||
|- | |||
| {{t|lú sẻa hóa dãqleı ky}}<br>the one who rarely rests | |||
| {{t|lü sẻa hóa dãqleı ky hóa}} <span style="opacity:0.5">{{t|cy}}</span><br>…who is someone who rarely rests<ref>It's simpler to just say {{t|sëa hóa dãqleı}}, so this one isn't very useful.</ref> | |||
| {{t|lủ sẻa hóa dãqleı ky}}<br>is someone who rarely rests | |||
| {{t|lû sẻa hóa dãqleı ky (súq)}} <span style="opacity:0.5">{{t|cy}}</span><br>that (you) are someone who rarely rests<ref>Here, too, it's simpler to just say: {{t|sêa súq dãqleı}}.</ref> | |||
|- | |||
| {{t|jóaı kảqshıa}}<br>the glasses-seeker | |||
| {{t|jöaı kảqshıa hóa}} <span style="opacity:0.5">{{t|cy}}</span><br>…who seeks glasses | |||
| {{t|jỏaı kảqshıa}}<br>seeks glasses | |||
| {{t|jôaı kảqshıa (súq)}} <span style="opacity:0.5">{{t|cy}}</span><br>that (you) seek glasses | |||
|} | |||