Serial verb: Difference between revisions
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A '''serial verb''' (or '''serial''') is created when two or more [[verb]]s are placed together. This process is called '''serialization'''. | A '''serial verb''' (or '''serial''') (Toaq: {{t|jeotoachue}}) is created when two or more [[verb]]s are placed together. This process is called '''serialization'''. | ||
'''NOTE''': this article has only partially been updated for Toaq Delta, some parts are outdated | |||
== Examples == | == Examples == | ||
Serial verbs are a powerful construct in Toaq grammar: | Serial verbs are a powerful construct in Toaq grammar: | ||
* Any verb with a | * Any verb with a “property” or “event” slot can essentially act as an auxiliary verb. | ||
* With other verbs, the result is like “[[adjective]]-noun”, or “verb | * With other verbs, the result is like “[[adjective]]-noun”, or “verb-object”. | ||
Here is a list of examples to demonstrate the sort of thing serial verbs let you express in Toaq. | Here is a list of examples to demonstrate the sort of thing serial verbs let you express in Toaq. | ||
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! {{t|deq koı}} | ! {{t|deq koı}} | ||
| can walk | | can walk | ||
|- | |- | ||
! {{t|sheo fıeq}} | ! {{t|sheo fıeq}} | ||
| Line 20: | Line 19: | ||
! {{t|leo kuaq}} | ! {{t|leo kuaq}} | ||
| try expressing | | try expressing | ||
|- | |||
! {{t|guaı kaı}} | |||
| work on writing | |||
|- | |||
! {{t|tua cuaı}} | |||
| make wet | |||
|- | |- | ||
! {{t|jaq chuı}} | ! {{t|jaq chuı}} | ||
| very early | | very early | ||
|- | |- | ||
! {{t| | ! {{t|joe suaq}} | ||
| | | be skilled at singing | ||
|- | |- | ||
! {{t|taq loı}} | ! {{t|taq loı}} | ||
| self- hate | | self- hate | ||
|} | |} | ||
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|} | |} | ||
<!-- | |||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|+ Transitive verb: “merge-with-[[baq]]” | |+ Transitive verb: “merge-with-[[baq]]” | ||
| Line 110: | Line 110: | ||
| colspan=4 align=center style=color:green | ___ is a big part of ___ | | colspan=4 align=center style=color:green | ___ is a big part of ___ | ||
|} | |} | ||
--> | |||
== Long serials == | == Long serials == | ||
| Line 119: | Line 120: | ||
== Usage == | == Usage == | ||
The result can be used as a verb by saying each word in {{ | The result can be used as a verb by saying each word in {{Done|1}}: | ||
{{Example|<u> | {{Example|Ma <u>deq koı</u> súq?|Are you <u>able to walk</u>?}} | ||
{{Example|<u> | {{Example|<u>Bu suaojıe</u> jí ní da.|I <u>don't care about</u> that.}} | ||
{{Example|<u> | {{Example|<u>Sheo leo ruo huaq caq</u> jí nháo da.|I <u>regret trying to act more strong than</u> them.}} | ||
Only the first word is conjugated for tone, and everything else stays in {{ | Only the first word is conjugated for tone, and everything else stays in {{Done|1}}. | ||
{{Example|táq | {{Example|táq loı|the self-hater}} | ||
{{Example| | {{Example|bû jaq de|not very beautifully}} | ||
Revision as of 01:27, 28 January 2023
A serial verb (or serial) (Toaq: jeotoachue) is created when two or more verbs are placed together. This process is called serialization.
NOTE: this article has only partially been updated for Toaq Delta, some parts are outdated
Examples
Serial verbs are a powerful construct in Toaq grammar:
- Any verb with a “property” or “event” slot can essentially act as an auxiliary verb.
- With other verbs, the result is like “adjective-noun”, or “verb-object”.
Here is a list of examples to demonstrate the sort of thing serial verbs let you express in Toaq.
| deq koı | can walk |
|---|---|
| sheo fıeq | regret inventing |
| leo kuaq | try expressing |
| guaı kaı | work on writing |
| tua cuaı | make wet |
| jaq chuı | very early |
| joe suaq | be skilled at singing |
| taq loı | self- hate |
Merging definitions
When joining two verbs together into a serial, their definitions are merged according to the serialization algorithm.
Verbs that are treated the same in this algorithm are said to belong to the same “serial frame”.
All of the behaviors in the table above arise from a handful of rules:
| leo | ___ tries to satisfy property | ___ | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| baı | ___ | builds | ___ | |
| leo baı | ___ tries to build ___ | |||
| le | it is probable that | ___ | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| guq | ___ | is underneath | ___ | |
| le guq | ___ is probably underneath ___ | |||
Long serials
For more than two verbs, this merging process is right-grouping:
sheo (leo kuaq)
regret (trying to express)
le (haı (luı (ceo guaı)))
probably (already (have (started working)))
Usage
The result can be used as a verb by saying each word in 
:
Ma deq koı súq?
Are you able to walk?
Bu suaojıe jí ní da.
I don't care about that.
Sheo leo ruo huaq caq jí nháo da.
I regret trying to act more strong than them.
Only the first word is conjugated for tone, and everything else stays in .
táq loı
the self-hater
bû jaq de
not very beautifully