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A phrase's '''scope''' is the region of the sentence in which that phrase's meaning applies. | |||
== Quantifier scope == | |||
<div class="figure" style="text-align:center;margin:0em 1em"> | |||
{{Scope|red|<b>Ꝡa</b> chı sá poq, {{Scope|#09f|<b>ꝡä</b> faq tú huı kûı sá raı.}}}} | |||
<p style="margin:2px 2px 2em;font-size:12px">[[Complementizer]]s create scopes.</p> | |||
{{Scope|red|Ꝡa chı <b>sá</b> poq, {{Scope|#09f|ꝡä faq <b>tú</b> huı kûı <b>sá</b> raı.}}}} | |||
<p style="margin:2px 2px 2em;font-size:12px">[[Determiner]]s are limited by scopes.</p> | |||
{{Scope|red|<small>∃ poq:</small> Ꝡa chı <b>póq</b>, {{Scope|#09f|<small>∀ huı: ∃ raı:</small> ꝡä faq <b>húı</b> kûı <b>ráı</b>.}}}} | |||
<p style="margin:2px;font-size:12px">Determiners imply [[quantifier]]s at the start of the scope.</p> | |||
</div> | |||
A [[determiner]] introduces a logical quantifier whose scope is the ''smallest'' [[clause]] it's in. This means that the interpretation of the quantification happens in that smallest clause, and not at the level of the entire sentence: | |||
<blockquote> | <blockquote> | ||
{{t|Shoe jí | {{t|Shoe jí ꝡä kuq súq <u>sía</u> raı da.}}<br> | ||
'''means:''' “I allow you to say <u>nothing</u>.”<br> | '''means:''' “I allow you to say <u>nothing</u>.” (i.e. I allow you to shut up)<br> | ||
'''not:''' ❌ “There is nothing that I allow you to say.” | '''not:''' ❌ “There is nothing that I allow you to say.” | ||
</blockquote> | </blockquote> | ||
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Here, the scope of {{t|sía}} is the clause “{{t|{{vy}}ä kuq súq sía raı}}”. | Here, the scope of {{t|sía}} is the clause “{{t|{{vy}}ä kuq súq sía raı}}”. | ||
== | === What creates scope boundaries? === | ||
Scope boundaries are created by complementizers like {{t|ꝡä}} and {{t|mä}}, but also by certain other words. | |||
[[Object incorporation]] creates a small scope boundary for just the verb and the incorporated object. | |||
<blockquote> | |||
{{Scope|red|<b>Ꝡa</b> he pua báq poq {{Scope|#ea0|joe <b>tû</b> raı}} <b>sía</b> raı da.}}<br> | |||
“People <u>who are good at everything</u> don't enjoy anything.”<br> | |||
('''not:''' “For all ''x'', people who are good at ''x'' don't enjoy anything.”) | |||
</blockquote> | |||
Similarly, any [[predicatizer]] ({{t|po, jeı, mea}}) creates a small scope boundary for itself and its incorporated object. | |||
<blockquote> | |||
{{Scope|red|<b>Ma</b> mala kaqgaı súq fóto {{Scope|#ea0|<b>po</b> <b>tú</b> poq}} móq?}}<br> | |||
“Have you seen the picture <u>of everyone</u>?”<br> | |||
('''not:''' “Have you, for all ''x'', seen ''x''’s picture?”) | |||
</blockquote> | |||
The [[cleft verb]] {{t|nä}} creates a scope boundary to its right. | |||
<blockquote> | |||
{{Scope|red|2=<b>Ꝡa</b> êa, {{Scope|#09f|<b>ꝡä</b> jıq báq majı,}} {{Scope|#0a0|<b>nä</b> geq há <b>sá shıtuaq</b>}} da.}}<br> | |||
“If magic were real, there would be unicorns one could meet.”<br> | |||
('''not:''' “There are some unicorns ''x'', that if magic were real, one could meet ''x''.”) | |||
</blockquote> | |||
The [[event accessor]] verb {{t|ë}} creates a scope boundary for its clause. | |||
<blockquote> | |||
{{Scope|red|2=<b>Ꝡa</b> luı ca ní zuetue {{Scope|#0a0|<b>é</b> jaı <b>sía</b> choaq}} da.}} | |||
<br> | |||
“This emergency has caused <u>that no guest is happy</u>.”<br> | |||
('''not:''' “This emergency hasn't caused any guest's happiness.”) | |||
</blockquote> | |||
== Clefting and scope == | |||
If we want to say the other thing, we have to lift {{t|sía}} out of the clause by [[clefting]] it to the main clause: | If we want to say the other thing, we have to lift {{t|sía}} out of the clause by [[clefting]] it to the main clause: | ||
<blockquote> | <blockquote> | ||
{{t|<u>Sía raı nä</u> shoe jí {{vy}}ä kuq súq ráı da.}}<br> | {{t|<u>Sía raı nä</u> shoe jí {{vy}}ä kuq súq ráı da.}}<br> | ||
<u>There is nothing that</u> I allow you to say. | <u>There is nothing that</u> I allow you to say. (i.e. I ban you from talking) | ||
</blockquote> | </blockquote> | ||
See [https://toaq.net/refgram/ | See [https://toaq.net/refgram/syntax/#the_cleft_verb The cleft verb] in the [[refgram]]. | ||
<!-- | |||
== "Scoping over" == | == "Scoping over" == | ||
For two phrases X and Y, if the scope of X fully includes the scope of Y, then we say “X '''scopes over''' Y”. | For two phrases X and Y, if the scope of X fully includes the scope of Y, then we say “X '''scopes over''' Y”. | ||
| Line 28: | Line 75: | ||
This amounts to a claim about the ''order'' to apply their respective semantics in. | This amounts to a claim about the ''order'' to apply their respective semantics in. | ||
For example: [[adverbial|high adverbials]] "scope over" the verb of the clause they're in. Thus, the sentence {{t|Dảı ní bũ da}} is interpreted as <math>\neg \text{possible}(\text{this})</math> “this isn't possible” rather than <math>\text{possible}(\neg \text{this})</math> “this is possibly false”. --> | |||
== Scope creep == | == Scope creep == | ||
One common | <div class="figure" style="text-align:center"> | ||
{{Scope|red|<b>Ꝡa</b> shoe jí, {{Scope|#09f|<b>ꝡä</b> kuq súq <b>sía</b> raı.}}}} | |||
<p style="margin:2px 2px 2em;font-size:12px">{{t|Sía}} has its scope limited by {{t|ꝡä}}.</p> | |||
{{Scope|red|<b>Ꝡa</b> shoe kuq jí súq <b>sía</b> raı.}} | |||
<p style="margin:2px;font-size:12px">Removing {{t|ꝡä}} changes the scope.</p> | |||
</div> | |||
One common mistake is to rephrase sentences involving {{t|{{vy}}ä}} using a [[serial verb]], under the impression that the meaning stays the same: | |||
<blockquote> | <blockquote> | ||
{{t|Shoe jí {{vy}}ä kuq súq sía raı da.}}<br> | {{t|Shoe jí {{vy}}ä kuq súq sía raı da.}}<br> | ||
“I allow you to say nothing.”<br> | “I allow you to say nothing.” (I allow you to shut up)<br> | ||
→ 🤔 {{t|<u>Shoe kuq</u> jí súq sía raı da.}}<br> | → 🤔 {{t|<u>Shoe kuq</u> jí súq sía raı da.}}<br> | ||
“I allow-to-say you nothing( | “I allow-to-say you nothing.” (I ban you from talking) | ||
</blockquote> | </blockquote> | ||
However, the {{t|{{vy}}}} clause that was limiting the scope of {{t|sía}} is now gone, which means that {{t|sía}} scopes over the whole sentence. The meaning of the sentence is thereby changed to ''“There is nothing that I allow you to say”''. | However, the {{t|{{vy}}ä}} clause that was limiting the scope of {{t|sía}} is now gone, which means that {{t|sía}} scopes over the whole sentence. The meaning of the sentence is thereby changed to ''“There is nothing that I allow you to say”''. | ||
== See also == | |||
* [[Negation]] | |||