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There have been a few published versions of Toaq:
There have been a few published versions of Toaq:


* '''Toaq (Dzu) alpha''', released in August 2013, documented [https://web.archive.org/web/20150427014613/http://selpahi.de/ToaqAlphaPrimer.html here].
* '''Toaq (Dzu) Alpha''', released in August 2013, documented [https://web.archive.org/web/20150427014613/http://selpahi.de/ToaqAlphaPrimer.html here].
* '''Toaq beta''', released in September 2017 on “toaq.org”, documented [https://web.archive.org/web/20170924135345/http://toaq.org/ here].
* '''Toaq Beta''', released in September 2017 on “toaq.org”, documented [https://web.archive.org/web/20170924135345/http://toaq.org/ here].
* '''Toaq gamma''', the current version, released in September 2021 on [[toaq.net]], documented in the [[refgram]].
* '''Toaq Gamma''', released in September 2021 on toaq.net, documented in the [https://toaq.net/gamma Gamma refgram].
* '''Toaq Delta''', the current version, released 6 December 2022 on [https://toaq.net toaq.net], documented in the [https://toaq.net Delta refgram].


Beyond the grammar writeup, little is preserved of the alpha version. Toaq beta was a complete reboot.
Beyond the grammar writeup, little is preserved of the alpha version. Toaq Beta was a complete reboot.


Between the beta and gamma versions, there were [[Changes since Public Beta|gradual official changes]] in the language as spoken on [[Discord]] and elsewhere.
Between the Beta and Gamma versions, there were [[Changes since Public Beta|gradual official changes]] in the language as spoken on [[Discord]] and elsewhere.


== Comparison of versions ==
== Comparison of versions ==
Line 15: Line 16:
! scope="col" style="width:250px;background-color:#eaccd0" | Alpha (2013)
! scope="col" style="width:250px;background-color:#eaccd0" | Alpha (2013)
! scope="col" style="width:250px;background-color:#efe7d0" | Beta (2017)
! scope="col" style="width:250px;background-color:#efe7d0" | Beta (2017)
! scope="col" style="width:250px;background-color:#cadcf0" | Gamma (2021)
! scope="col" style="width:250px;background-color:#caf0dc" | Gamma (2021)
! scope="col" style="width:250px;background-color:#cadcf0" |Delta (2022)
|-
|-
! Consonants
!Consonants
| /m n ŋ p t k b d ɡ f s ʃ h <span style="color:#C00000; font-weight: bold;">v z ʒ</span> r l <span style="color:#C00000; font-weight: bold;">w j</span>/ (20)
|/m n ŋ p t k b d ɡ f s ʃ h <span style="color:#C00000; font-weight: bold;">v z ʒ</span> r l <span style="color:#C00000; font-weight: bold;">w j</span>/ (20)
| /m n ŋ <span style="font-weight: bold;">pʰ</span> b <span style="font-weight: bold;">tʰ</span> d <span style="font-weight: bold;">kʰ</span> g <span style="color:#008040; font-weight: bold;">t͡sʰ t͡ɕʰ d͡ʑ</span> f s <span style="font-weight: bold;">ɕ</span> h <span style="font-weight: bold;">ɾ</span> l/ (18)
|/m n ŋ <span style="font-weight: bold;">pʰ</span> b <span style="font-weight: bold;">tʰ</span> d <span style="font-weight: bold;">kʰ</span> g <span style="color:#008040; font-weight: bold;">t͡sʰ t͡ɕʰ d͡ʑ</span> f s <span style="font-weight: bold;">ɕ</span> h <span style="font-weight: bold;">ɾ</span> l/ (18)
| Beta + /<span style="color:#008040; font-weight: bold;">ɲ d͡z ʔ</span>/ (21)
|Beta + /<span style="color:#008040; font-weight: bold;">ɲ d͡z ʔ</span>/ (21)
|Gamma + /<span style="color:#008040; font-weight: bold;">w~j</span>/ (22)
|-
|-
! Vowels
!Vowels  
| /a e i o u/
|/a e i o u/
| /a e i o u/
|/a e i o u/
| Beta + /ə/
|/a e i o u <span style="color:#008040; font-weight: bold;">ə</span>/
|/a e i o u/
|-
|-
! Phonotactics
!Phonotactics
| There were glides (/gja/ "meet"),<br>long vowels (/daː/ "woman"),<br>consonant clusters (/sna/ "house").
|There were glides (/gja/ "meet"),<br>long vowels (/daː/ "woman"),<br>consonant clusters (/sna/ "house").  
| At most CVVG.
|At most CVVG.
| Good old CVVG remains. Well, there's a glottal stop onset now, which is kinda like (C)V(V)(G).
|Good old CVVG remains. Well, there's a glottal stop onset now, which is kinda like (C)V(V)(G).
|(C)V(Q) or (C)F
C - onset consonant
V - vowel
F - falling diphthong
Q - {/ŋ/, /m/}
|-
|-
! Tones
!Tones
| 8 + neutral: {{t|āáăảâàãạa}}<ref>There was seemingly no {{tone|5}} equivalent. There were three {{tone|6}} equivalents: one for arguments (peaking â) and one for clauses (low à), and a variant of the low tone that always has top scope (dipping ă).</ref>
|8 + neutral: {{t|āáăảâàãạa}}<ref>There was seemingly no {{tone|5}} equivalent. There were three {{tone|6}} equivalents: one for arguments (peaking â) and one for clauses (low à), and a variant of the low tone that always has top scope (dipping ă).</ref>
| 7 + neutral: {{tone|1}}{{tone|2}}{{tone|3old}}{{tone|4}}{{tone|5}}{{tone|6}}{{tone|7}}{{tone|8}}
|7 + neutral: {{tone|1}}{{tone|2}}{{tone|3old}}{{tone|4}}{{tone|5}}{{tone|6}}{{tone|7}}{{tone|8}}
| 6 + neutral: {{tone|2}}{{tone|3}}{{tone|4}}{{tone|5}}{{tone|6}}{{tone|7}}{{tone|8}}<br>Tone is per-word, not per-syllable.
|6 + neutral: {{tone|2}}{{tone|3}}{{tone|4}}{{tone|5}}{{tone|6}}{{tone|7}}{{tone|8}}<br>Tone is per-word, not per-syllable.
<!--|-
<!--|-
! Argument phrases
! Argument phrases
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| Optional quantifier + predicate in {{tone|2}}
| Optional quantifier + predicate in {{tone|2}}
| {{tone|2}} predicate (bound)<br> or quantifier + predicate in {{tone|4}} (binding)-->
| {{tone|2}} predicate (bound)<br> or quantifier + predicate in {{tone|4}} (binding)-->
|4: {{Done|1}}{{Done|2}}{{Done|3}}{{Done|4}}
|-
|-
! “You are very beautiful”
!“You are very beautiful”
| {{t|Tōu dāe téq na.}}
|{{t|Tōu dāe téq na.}}
| {{t|Jảq dẻ súq da.}}
|{{t|Jảq dẻ súq da.}}
| {{t|Jảq dẻ súq da.}}
|{{t|Jảq dẻ súq da.}}
|{{t|Jaq de súq da.}}
|-
|-
! “The John who met you is my friend”
!“The John who met you is my friend”
| {{t|Pāı mí Djāq gyủ ca téq na góu na.}}<ref>I have assumed that {{t|ca}} is ancient {{t|hóa}}. (It was probably pronounced /ʃa/.)</ref>
|{{t|Pāı mí Djāq gyủ ca téq na góu na.}}<ref>I have assumed that {{t|ca}} is ancient {{t|hóa}}. (It was probably pronounced /ʃa/.)</ref>
| {{t|Pảı mí Jảq gëq hóa súq <u>na</u> jí da.}}
|{{t|Pảı mí Jảq <u>gěq</u> hóa súq <u>na</u> jí da.}}
| {{t|Pảı mí Jảq gëq hóa súq <u>cy</u> jí da.}}
|{{t|Pảı mí Jảq <u>gëq</u> hóa súq <u>cy</u> jí da.}}
|{{t|<u>Paı</u> mí Jaq <u>ꝡë</u> <u>geq</u> hóa súq jí da.}}
|}
 
<references />
 
== Toaq Alpha ==
{| class="wikitable"
!#
!Tone
!ASCII
!Meaning
!In Modern Delta Terms
|-
|1
|{{tone|1}}
|a-
|predicate
|{{Done|1}}
|-
|2
|{{tone|2}}
|a/
|argument
|{{tone|2}} (sá X?)
|-
|3
|{{Tonebig|b}}
|a°
|non-term sentence relative clause
|{{Done|4}} but with the highest scope. It can evade stuff like sentence-wide negation.
|-
|4
|{{tone|4}}
|a?
|arg. relative clause
|{{T|ꝡë}}
|-
|5
|{{Done|4}}
|a^
|arg. preposition
|transitive {{Done|4}}
|-
|6
|{{tone|6}}
|a\
|sentence preposition
|{{Done|4}} {{T|ꝡä}}
|-
|7
|{{tone|7}}
|a~
|adverb
|intransitive {{Done|4}}
|-
|8
|{{Tonebig|ud}}
|a.
|compound
|
|-
|9
|{{tone|8}}
|a
|particle
|
|}
== Comparison of phonology ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! colspan="17" style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Comparison of Toaq Beta, Gamma and Delta Finals
|-
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | a
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | aQ
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | aı
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | ao
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#ffff6d;" | ay
|-
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | e
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | eQ
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | eı
|
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | ea
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | eaQ
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | eo
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | eoQ
|
|
| style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#A1467E;" | eaı
| style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#B4C7DC;" | eao
| style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#B4C7DC;" | eoı
| style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#B4C7DC;" | eu
|
| style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#B4C7DC;" | euQ
| style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#ffff6d;" | ey
|-
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | ı
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | ıQ
|
|
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | ıa
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | ıaQ
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | ıo
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | ıoQ
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | ıe
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | ıeQ
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | ıaı
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | ıao
| style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#B4C7DC;" | ıoı
| style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#A1467E;" | ıu
| style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#B4C7DC;" | ıeı
| style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#B4C7DC;" | ıuQ
| style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#ffff6d;" | ıy
|-
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | o
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | oQ
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | oı
| style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFFF6D;" | ou
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | oa
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | oaQ
|
|
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | oe
| style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#A1467E;" | oeQ
| style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#A1467E;" | oaı
| style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#B4C7DC;" | oao
|
|
| style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#B4C7DC;" | oeı
|
| style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#ffff6d;" | oy
|-
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | u
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | uQ
|
|
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | ua
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | uaQ
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | uo
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | uoQ
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | ue
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | ueQ
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | uaı
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | uao
| style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#A1467E;" | uoı
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | uı
| style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#B4C7DC;" | ueı
| style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#B4C7DC;" | uıQ
| style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#ffff6d;" | uy
|-
| style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#FFFF6D;" | y
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}
 
'''Yellow''': Toaq Delta only<br/>
'''Blue''': Toaq Gamma only<br/>
'''Purple''': Toaq Gamma and Toaq Delta only<br/>
'''Else''': All three versions

Latest revision as of 11:33, 16 January 2026

There have been a few published versions of Toaq:

  • Toaq (Dzu) Alpha, released in August 2013, documented here.
  • Toaq Beta, released in September 2017 on “toaq.org”, documented here.
  • Toaq Gamma, released in September 2021 on toaq.net, documented in the Gamma refgram.
  • Toaq Delta, the current version, released 6 December 2022 on toaq.net, documented in the Delta refgram.

Beyond the grammar writeup, little is preserved of the alpha version. Toaq Beta was a complete reboot.

Between the Beta and Gamma versions, there were gradual official changes in the language as spoken on Discord and elsewhere.

Comparison of versions

Alpha (2013) Beta (2017) Gamma (2021) Delta (2022)
Consonants /m n ŋ p t k b d ɡ f s ʃ h v z ʒ r l w j/ (20) /m n ŋ pʰ b tʰ d kʰ g t͡sʰ t͡ɕʰ d͡ʑ f s ɕ h ɾ l/ (18) Beta + /ɲ d͡z ʔ/ (21) Gamma + /w~j/ (22)
Vowels /a e i o u/ /a e i o u/ /a e i o u ə/ /a e i o u/
Phonotactics There were glides (/gja/ "meet"),
long vowels (/daː/ "woman"),
consonant clusters (/sna/ "house"). 		At most CVVG. Good old CVVG remains. Well, there's a glottal stop onset now, which is kinda like (C)V(V)(G). (C)V(Q) or (C)F

C - onset consonant V - vowel F - falling diphthong Q - {/ŋ/, /m/}

Tones 8 + neutral: āáăảâàãạa[1] 7 + neutral: flat tonerising tonefalling-rising tone (obsolete 3rd tone)falling tonerising-falling tonemid-falling tonefalling creaky toneneutral tone 6 + neutral: rising tonerising-creaky tonefalling tonerising-falling tonemid-falling tonefalling creaky toneneutral tone
Tone is per-word, not per-syllable. 		4: falling tonerising toneglottal tonehiatus tone
“You are very beautiful” Tōu dāe téq na. Jảq dẻ súq da. Jảq dẻ súq da. Jaq de súq da.
“The John who met you is my friend” Pāı mí Djāq gyủ ca téq na góu na.[2] Pảı mí Jảq gěq hóa súq na jí da. Pảı mí Jảq gëq hóa súq cy jí da. Paı mí Jaq ꝡë geq hóa súq jí da.
  1. ↑ There was seemingly no rising-falling tone equivalent. There were three mid-falling tone equivalents: one for arguments (peaking â) and one for clauses (low à), and a variant of the low tone that always has top scope (dipping ă).
  2. ↑ I have assumed that ca is ancient hóa. (It was probably pronounced /ʃa/.)

Toaq Alpha

# Tone ASCII Meaning In Modern Delta Terms
1 flat tone a- predicate falling tone
2 rising tone a/ argument rising tone (sá X?)
3 breve a° non-term sentence relative clause hiatus tone but with the highest scope. It can evade stuff like sentence-wide negation.
4 falling tone a? arg. relative clause ꝡë
5 hiatus tone a^ arg. preposition transitive hiatus tone
6 mid-falling tone a\ sentence preposition hiatus tone ꝡä
7 falling creaky tone a~ adverb intransitive hiatus tone
8 underdot a. compound
9 neutral tone a particle

Comparison of phonology

Comparison of Toaq Beta, Gamma and Delta Finals
a aQ aı ao ay
e eQ eı ea eaQ eo eoQ eaı eao eoı eu euQ ey
ı ıQ ıa ıaQ ıo ıoQ ıe ıeQ ıaı ıao ıoı ıu ıeı ıuQ ıy
o oQ oı ou oa oaQ oe oeQ oaı oao oeı oy
u uQ ua uaQ uo uoQ ue ueQ uaı uao uoı uı ueı uıQ uy
y

Yellow: Toaq Delta only
Blue: Toaq Gamma only
Purple: Toaq Gamma and Toaq Delta only
Else: All three versions

Retrieved from "https://toaq.me/index.php?title=Versions&oldid=2572"