Serial verb: Difference between revisions

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A '''serial verb''' is created when two or more [[verb]]s are linked together. They are a very powerful construct in Toaq grammar: any verb with a “satisfies property…” or “is the case” slot can essentially act as an auxiliary verb to another.
A '''serial verb''' (or '''serial''') (Toaq: {{t|jeotoachue}}) is created when two or more [[verb]]s are placed together. This process is called '''serialization'''.


== Examples ==
Serial verbs are a powerful construct in Toaq grammar.
Any verb with an “event/proposition”, “property”, or “relation” slot at the end can essentially act as an auxiliary verb. See [[Frame]] for how to recognize these slots.
Here is a list of examples to demonstrate the sort of thing serial verbs let you express in Toaq.
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Serial verb examples
|+ Serial verb examples
! {{t|juoq  guaı}}
| should  work
|-
! {{t|deq  koı}}
! {{t|deq  koı}}
| can walk
| can walk
|-
|-
! {{t|sheo  fıeq}}
! {{t|sheo  fıeq}}
| regret inventing
| regret inventing
|-
|-
! {{t|leo  kuaq}}
! {{t|leo  kuaq}}
| try.to express
| try expressing
|-
! {{t|guaı kaı}}
| work on writing
|-
! {{t|tua cuaı}}
| make wet
|-
! {{t|jaq chuı}}
| very early
|-
|-
! {{t|bu  suaojıe}}
! {{t|joe suaq}}
| not  care.about
| be skilled at singing
|-
|-
! {{t|taq  loı}}
! {{t|taq  loı}}
| self-  hate
| self- hate
|}
 
== Merging definitions ==
When joining two verbs together into a serial, their definitions are merged according to the [[serialization algorithm]].
 
Verbs that are treated the same in this algorithm are said to belong to the same “[[frame#Serial frames|serial frame]]”.
 
All of the behaviors in the table above arise from a handful of rules:
 
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Event/proposition slot: “merge-into”
|-
! chı
| ___ believes that
| style=color:red | ___
| is the case
|-
! zudeq
|
| ___
| speaks language
| ___  
|-
! chı zudeq
| colspan=4 align=center style=color:green | ___ believes that ___ speaks language ___.
|}
|}


When joining two verbs together into one, their definitions are merged according to the [[serialization algorithm]].


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Property slot “merge-away”
|+ Property slot: “merge-away one”
|-
|-
! leo
! leo
Line 43: Line 79:


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Event slot “merge-into”
|+ Relation (binary property) slot: “merge-away two”
|-
! noa
| ___ is difficult to be in relation
| style=color:red | ___
| with
|-
|-
! le
! lım
| it is probable that
|  
| ___
| style=color:red | ___ understands ___
|  
|  
|-
|-
! guq
! noa lım
| colspan=3 align=center style=color:green | ___ is difficult to understand.
|}
 
<!--
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Transitive verb: “merge-with-[[baq]]”
|-
! cho
| ___ likes
| style=color:red | ___
|-
! rua
|  
|  
| style=color:red | ___
| is a flower
|-
! cho rua
| colspan=4 align=center style=color:green | ___ likes flowers
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Adjective: “describe”
|-
! sao
| style=color:red | ___
| is big
|-
! paq
| ___
| ___
| is underneath
| is a part of ___
| ___
|-
|-
! le guq
! sao paq
| colspan=4 align=center style=color:green | ___ is probably underneath ___
| colspan=4 align=center style=color:green | ___ is a big part of ___
|}
|}
-->
== Long serials ==


For more than two verbs, this merging process is right-grouping:
For more than two verbs, this merging process is right-grouping:
{{Example|sheo (leo kuaq)|regret (trying to express)}}
{{Example|sheo (leo kuaq)|regret (trying to express)}}
{{Example|le (haı (luı (shaı guaı)))|possibly (already (have (stopped working)))}}
{{Example|le (taoshao (ceo guaı))|probably (intend to (start working))}}
 
== Usage ==


The result can be used as a verb by saying each word in {{tone|4}}:
The result can be used as a verb by saying each word in {{Done|1}}:


{{Example|Dẻq kỏı súq moq?|Can you walk?}}
{{Example|Ma <u>deq koı</u> súq?|Are you <u>able to walk</u>?}}
{{Example|Bủ sủaojıe jí ní da.|I don't care about that.}}
{{Example|<u>Bujuı suaomıu</u> jí ní da.|I <u>barely care about</u> that.}}
{{Example|<u>Sheo leo ruo huaq caq</u> jí nháo da.|I <u>regret trying to act more strong than</u> them.}}


Only the first word is conjugated for tone, and everything else stays in {{tone|4}}.
Only the first word is conjugated for tone, and everything else stays in {{Done|1}}.


{{Example|táq lỏı|self- hater}}
{{Example|táq loı|the self-hater}}
{{Example|täq lỏı|… who self- hates}}
{{Example|jâq de|very beautifully}}

Latest revision as of 11:45, 27 August 2024

A serial verb (or serial) (Toaq: jeotoachue) is created when two or more verbs are placed together. This process is called serialization.

Examples

Serial verbs are a powerful construct in Toaq grammar.

Any verb with an “event/proposition”, “property”, or “relation” slot at the end can essentially act as an auxiliary verb. See Frame for how to recognize these slots.

Here is a list of examples to demonstrate the sort of thing serial verbs let you express in Toaq.

Serial verb examples
deq koı can walk
sheo fıeq regret inventing
leo kuaq try expressing
guaı kaı work on writing
tua cuaı make wet
jaq chuı very early
joe suaq be skilled at singing
taq loı self- hate

Merging definitions

When joining two verbs together into a serial, their definitions are merged according to the serialization algorithm.

Verbs that are treated the same in this algorithm are said to belong to the same “serial frame”.

All of the behaviors in the table above arise from a handful of rules:

Event/proposition slot: “merge-into”
chı ___ believes that ___ is the case
zudeq ___ speaks language ___
chı zudeq ___ believes that ___ speaks language ___.


Property slot: “merge-away one”
leo ___ tries to satisfy property ___
baı ___ builds ___
leo baı ___ tries to build ___
Relation (binary property) slot: “merge-away two”
noa ___ is difficult to be in relation ___ with
lım ___ understands ___
noa lım ___ is difficult to understand.


Long serials

For more than two verbs, this merging process is right-grouping:

sheo (leo kuaq)
regret (trying to express)

le (taoshao (ceo guaı))
probably (intend to (start working))

Usage

The result can be used as a verb by saying each word in falling tone:

Ma deq koı súq?
Are you able to walk?

Bujuı suaomıu jí ní da.
I barely care about that.

Sheo leo ruo huaq caq jí nháo da.
I regret trying to act more strong than them.

Only the first word is conjugated for tone, and everything else stays in falling tone.

táq loı
the self-hater

jâq de
very beautifully

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