Serial verb: Difference between revisions
No edit summary |
m (bigger example) |
||
| (11 intermediate revisions by 2 users not shown) | |||
| Line 2: | Line 2: | ||
== Examples == | == Examples == | ||
Serial verbs are a powerful construct in Toaq grammar | Serial verbs are a powerful construct in Toaq grammar. | ||
Any verb with an “event/proposition”, “property”, or “relation” slot at the end can essentially act as an auxiliary verb. See [[Frame]] for how to recognize these slots. | |||
Here is a list of examples to demonstrate the sort of thing serial verbs let you express in Toaq. | Here is a list of examples to demonstrate the sort of thing serial verbs let you express in Toaq. | ||
| Line 11: | Line 11: | ||
! {{t|deq koı}} | ! {{t|deq koı}} | ||
| can walk | | can walk | ||
|- | |- | ||
! {{t|sheo fıeq}} | ! {{t|sheo fıeq}} | ||
| Line 29: | Line 26: | ||
! {{t|jaq chuı}} | ! {{t|jaq chuı}} | ||
| very early | | very early | ||
|- | |- | ||
! {{t|joe suaq}} | ! {{t|joe suaq}} | ||
| Line 38: | Line 32: | ||
! {{t|taq loı}} | ! {{t|taq loı}} | ||
| self- hate | | self- hate | ||
|} | |} | ||
| Line 54: | Line 42: | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|+ Property slot: “merge- | |+ Event/proposition slot: “merge-into” | ||
|- | |||
! chı | |||
| ___ believes that | |||
| style=color:red | ___ | |||
| is the case | |||
|- | |||
! zudeq | |||
| | |||
| ___ | |||
| speaks language | |||
| ___ | |||
|- | |||
! chı zudeq | |||
| colspan=4 align=center style=color:green | ___ believes that ___ speaks language ___. | |||
|} | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|+ Property slot: “merge-away one” | |||
|- | |- | ||
! leo | ! leo | ||
| Line 72: | Line 79: | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|+ | |+ Relation (binary property) slot: “merge-away two” | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! noa | ||
| | | ___ is difficult to be in relation | ||
| ___ | | style=color:red | ___ | ||
| with | |||
|- | |||
! lım | |||
| | | | ||
| | | style=color:red | ___ understands ___ | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! noa lım | ||
| colspan= | | colspan=3 align=center style=color:green | ___ is difficult to understand. | ||
|} | |} | ||
<!-- | |||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|+ Transitive verb: “merge-with-[[baq]]” | |+ Transitive verb: “merge-with-[[baq]]” | ||
| Line 119: | Line 126: | ||
| colspan=4 align=center style=color:green | ___ is a big part of ___ | | colspan=4 align=center style=color:green | ___ is a big part of ___ | ||
|} | |} | ||
--> | |||
== Long serials == | == Long serials == | ||
| Line 124: | Line 132: | ||
For more than two verbs, this merging process is right-grouping: | For more than two verbs, this merging process is right-grouping: | ||
{{Example|sheo (leo kuaq)|regret (trying to express)}} | {{Example|sheo (leo kuaq)|regret (trying to express)}} | ||
{{Example|le ( | {{Example|le (taoshao (ceo guaı))|probably (intend to (start working))}} | ||
== Usage == | == Usage == | ||
The result can be used as a verb by saying each word in {{ | The result can be used as a verb by saying each word in {{Done|1}}: | ||
{{Example|<u> | {{Example|Ma <u>deq koı</u> súq?|Are you <u>able to walk</u>?}} | ||
{{Example|<u> | {{Example|<u>Bujuı suaomıu</u> jí ní da.|I <u>barely care about</u> that.}} | ||
{{Example|<u> | {{Example|<u>Sheo leo ruo huaq caq</u> jí nháo da.|I <u>regret trying to act more strong than</u> them.}} | ||
Only the first word is conjugated for tone, and everything else stays in {{ | Only the first word is conjugated for tone, and everything else stays in {{Done|1}}. | ||
{{Example|táq | {{Example|táq loı|the self-hater}} | ||
{{Example| | {{Example|jâq de|very beautifully}} | ||
Latest revision as of 11:45, 27 August 2024
A serial verb (or serial) (Toaq: jeotoachue) is created when two or more verbs are placed together. This process is called serialization.
Examples
Serial verbs are a powerful construct in Toaq grammar.
Any verb with an “event/proposition”, “property”, or “relation” slot at the end can essentially act as an auxiliary verb. See Frame for how to recognize these slots.
Here is a list of examples to demonstrate the sort of thing serial verbs let you express in Toaq.
| deq koı | can walk |
|---|---|
| sheo fıeq | regret inventing |
| leo kuaq | try expressing |
| guaı kaı | work on writing |
| tua cuaı | make wet |
| jaq chuı | very early |
| joe suaq | be skilled at singing |
| taq loı | self- hate |
Merging definitions
When joining two verbs together into a serial, their definitions are merged according to the serialization algorithm.
Verbs that are treated the same in this algorithm are said to belong to the same “serial frame”.
All of the behaviors in the table above arise from a handful of rules:
| chı | ___ believes that | ___ | is the case | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| zudeq | ___ | speaks language | ___ | |
| chı zudeq | ___ believes that ___ speaks language ___. | |||
| leo | ___ tries to satisfy property | ___ | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| baı | ___ | builds | ___ | |
| leo baı | ___ tries to build ___ | |||
| noa | ___ is difficult to be in relation | ___ | with |
|---|---|---|---|
| lım | ___ understands ___ | ||
| noa lım | ___ is difficult to understand. | ||
Long serials
For more than two verbs, this merging process is right-grouping:
sheo (leo kuaq)
regret (trying to express)
le (taoshao (ceo guaı))
probably (intend to (start working))
Usage
The result can be used as a verb by saying each word in 
:
Ma deq koı súq?
Are you able to walk?
Bujuı suaomıu jí ní da.
I barely care about that.
Sheo leo ruo huaq caq jí nháo da.
I regret trying to act more strong than them.
Only the first word is conjugated for tone, and everything else stays in .
táq loı
the self-hater
jâq de
very beautifully