Verb phrase: Difference between revisions

Revision as of 17:18, 12 July 2022

In Toaq, a verb (jeotoame) is any phrase with the same grammatical behavior as a single atomic verb.

A verb is either:

A single-word atomic verb. (See that article for why "young" is a verb in Toaq.)
- Nỉo nháo da. "They are young."
An analytic verb, consisting of more than one word:
- An object-incorporating verb (po, mea, jeı) followed its incorporated object noun phrase, optionally terminated by ga.
  - Mẻa chíeme nháo da. "They are among the class."
- A name verb (mı, mıru) followed by a name phrase, optionally terminated by ga.
  - Mỉ Sảra nháo da. "They are Sara."
- A free relative construction: lu … (ky), where the phrase's resumptive pronoun hóa is the argument of the verb.
  - Lủ sẻa hóa dãqleı ky nháo da. "They are someone who rarely rests."
- A serial verb, made by juxtaposing a non-serial verb with another verb.
  - Jỏaı kảqshıa nháo da. "They seek glasses."
  - Pỏ súq ga chỉetuache nháo da. "They are your teacher".
    - The common pỏ X ga Y "is X's Y" construction is a serial verb of pỏ X ga ("is X's") and Y. The ga is mandatory in this position, otherwise súq chỉetuache would be interpreted as a serial verb conjugated in .

When tone-conjugating a verb, only the on the first word changes to the new tone:


nío the young one	nïo hóa cy …who is young	nỉo is young	nîo (súq) cy that (you) are young
méa chíeme the one among the class	mëa chíeme hóa cy …who is among the class	mẻa chíeme is among the class	mêa chíeme (súq) cy that (you) are among the class
mí Sảra (the) Sara	mï Sảra hóa cy …who is Sara	mỉ Sảra is Sara	mî Sảra (súq) cy that (you) are Sara
lú sẻa hóa dãqleı ky the one who rarely rests	lü sẻa hóa dãqleı ky hóa cy …who is someone who rarely rests^[1]	lủ sẻa hóa dãqleı ky is someone who rarely rests	lû sẻa hóa dãqleı ky (súq) cy that (you) are someone who rarely rests^[2]
jóaı kảqshıa the glasses-seeker	jöaı kảqshıa hóa cy …who seeks glasses	jỏaı kảqshıa seeks glasses	jôaı kảqshıa (súq) cy that (you) seek glasses

↑ It's simpler to just say sëa hóa dãqleı, so this one isn't very useful.
↑ Here, too, it's simpler to just say: sêa súq dãqleı.

[1] It's simpler to just say sëa hóa dãqleı, so this one isn't very useful.

[2] Here, too, it's simpler to just say: sêa súq dãqleı.

[1]

[2]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-In Toaq, a '''verb phrase''' ({{t|jeotoame}}) is any phrase with the same grammatical behavior as a single [[verb]].
+In Toaq, a '''verb''' ({{t|jeotoame}}) is any phrase with the same grammatical behavior as a single [[atomic verb]].
-Toaq is built around verbs, so verb phrases are everywhere. All of the [[tone]]s actually operate on verb phrases: {{tone|7}} doesn't just turn a verb into an [[adverb]], it turns a verb phrase into an adverb phrase.
+A verb is either:
+* A single-word [[atomic verb]]. (See that article for why "young" is a verb in Toaq.)
-A verb phrase is either:
-* A single-word [[verb]]. (See that article for why "young" is a verb in Toaq.)
 ** {{t|Nỉo nháo da.}} "They are young."
-* An '''object-incorporating verb''' ({{t|po, mea, jeı}}) followed its incorporated object [[noun phrase]], optionally terminated by {{t|ga}}.
+* An [[analytic verb]], consisting of more than one word:
-** {{t|Mẻa chíeme nháo da.}} "They are among the class."
+** An '''object-incorporating verb''' ({{t|po, mea, jeı}}) followed its incorporated object [[noun phrase]], optionally terminated by {{t|ga}}.
-* A '''name verb''' ({{t|mı, mıru}}) followed by a name [[phrase]], optionally terminated by {{t|ga}}.
+*** {{t|Mẻa chíeme nháo da.}} "They are among the class."
-** {{t|Mỉ Sảra nháo da.}} "They are Sara."
+** A '''name verb''' ({{t|mı, mıru}}) followed by a name [[phrase]], optionally terminated by {{t|ga}}.
-* A '''free relative''' construction: {{t|lu … (ky)}}, where the phrase's [[resumptive pronoun]] {{t|hóa}} is the argument of the verb phrase.
+*** {{t|Mỉ Sảra nháo da.}} "They are Sara."
-** {{t|Lủ sẻa hóa dãqleı ky nháo da.}} "They are someone who rarely rests."
+** A '''free relative''' construction: {{t|lu … (ky)}}, where the phrase's [[resumptive pronoun]] {{t|hóa}} is the argument of the verb.
-* A [[serial verb]], made by juxtaposing a non-serial verb phrase with another verb phrase.
+*** {{t|Lủ sẻa hóa dãqleı ky nháo da.}} "They are someone who rarely rests."
-** {{t|Jỏaı kảqshıa nháo da.}} "They seek glasses."
+** A [[serial verb]], made by juxtaposing a non-serial verb with another verb.
-** {{t|Pỏ súq ga chỉetuache nháo da.}} "They are your teacher".
+*** {{t|Jỏaı kảqshıa nháo da.}} "They seek glasses."
-*** The common {{t|pỏ X ga Y}} "is X's Y" construction is a serial verb of {{t|pỏ X ga}} ("is X's") and {{t|Y}}. The {{t|ga}} is mandatory in this position, otherwise {{t|súq chỉetuache}} would be interpreted as a serial verb conjugated in {{tone|2}}.
+*** {{t|Pỏ súq ga chỉetuache nháo da.}} "They are your teacher".
+**** The common {{t|pỏ X ga Y}} "is X's Y" construction is a serial verb of {{t|pỏ X ga}} ("is X's") and {{t|Y}}. The {{t|ga}} is mandatory in this position, otherwise {{t|súq chỉetuache}} would be interpreted as a serial verb conjugated in {{tone|2}}.
-When tone-conjugating a verb phrase, only the {{tone|4}} on the first word changes to the new tone:
+When tone-conjugating a verb, only the {{tone|4}} on the first word changes to the new tone:
 {| class="wikitable"