Verb: Difference between revisions

Revision as of 17:19, 12 July 2022

In Toaq, a verb (jeotoame) is any phrase with the same grammatical behavior as a single atomic verb.

A verb is either:

A single-word atomic verb. (See that article for why "young" is a verb in Toaq.)
- Nỉo nháo da. "They are young."
An analytic verb, consisting of more than one word:
- An object-incorporating verb (po, mea, jeı) followed its incorporated object noun phrase, optionally terminated by ga.
  - Mẻa chíeme nháo da. "They are among the class."
- A name verb (mı, mıru) followed by a name phrase, optionally terminated by ga.
  - Mỉ Sảra nháo da. "They are Sara."
- A free relative construction: lu … (ky), where the phrase's resumptive pronoun hóa is the argument of the verb.
  - Lủ sẻa hóa dãqleı ky nháo da. "They are someone who rarely rests."
- A serial verb, made by juxtaposing a non-serial verb with another verb.
  - Jỏaı kảqshıa nháo da. "They seek glasses."
  - Pỏ súq ga chỉetuache nháo da. "They are your teacher".
    - The common pỏ X ga Y "is X's Y" construction is a serial verb of pỏ X ga ("is X's") and Y. The ga is mandatory in this position, otherwise súq chỉetuache would be interpreted as a serial verb conjugated in .

When tone-conjugating a verb, only the on the first word changes to the new tone:


nío the young one	nïo hóa cy …who is young	nỉo is young	nîo (súq) cy that (you) are young
méa chíeme the one among the class	mëa chíeme hóa cy …who is among the class	mẻa chíeme is among the class	mêa chíeme (súq) cy that (you) are among the class
mí Sảra (the) Sara	mï Sảra hóa cy …who is Sara	mỉ Sảra is Sara	mî Sảra (súq) cy that (you) are Sara
lú sẻa hóa dãqleı ky the one who rarely rests	lü sẻa hóa dãqleı ky hóa cy …who is someone who rarely rests^[1]	lủ sẻa hóa dãqleı ky is someone who rarely rests	lû sẻa hóa dãqleı ky (súq) cy that (you) are someone who rarely rests^[2]
jóaı kảqshıa the glasses-seeker	jöaı kảqshıa hóa cy …who seeks glasses	jỏaı kảqshıa seeks glasses	jôaı kảqshıa (súq) cy that (you) seek glasses

↑ It's simpler to just say sëa hóa dãqleı, so this one isn't very useful.
↑ Here, too, it's simpler to just say: sêa súq dãqleı.

[1] It's simpler to just say sëa hóa dãqleı, so this one isn't very useful.

[2] Here, too, it's simpler to just say: sêa súq dãqleı.

[1]

[2]

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+In Toaq, a '''verb''' ({{t|jeotoame}}) is any phrase with the same grammatical behavior as a single [[atomic verb]].
+A verb is either:
+* A single-word [[atomic verb]]. (See that article for why "young" is a verb in Toaq.)
+** {{t|Nỉo nháo da.}} "They are young."
+* An [[analytic verb]], consisting of more than one word:
+** An '''object-incorporating verb''' ({{t|po, mea, jeı}}) followed its incorporated object [[noun phrase]], optionally terminated by {{t|ga}}.
+*** {{t|Mẻa chíeme nháo da.}} "They are among the class."
+** A '''name verb''' ({{t|mı, mıru}}) followed by a name [[phrase]], optionally terminated by {{t|ga}}.
+*** {{t|Mỉ Sảra nháo da.}} "They are Sara."
+** A '''free relative''' construction: {{t|lu … (ky)}}, where the phrase's [[resumptive pronoun]] {{t|hóa}} is the argument of the verb.
+*** {{t|Lủ sẻa hóa dãqleı ky nháo da.}} "They are someone who rarely rests."
+** A [[serial verb]], made by juxtaposing a non-serial verb with another verb.
+*** {{t|Jỏaı kảqshıa nháo da.}} "They seek glasses."
+*** {{t|Pỏ súq ga chỉetuache nháo da.}} "They are your teacher".
+**** The common {{t|pỏ X ga Y}} "is X's Y" construction is a serial verb of {{t|pỏ X ga}} ("is X's") and {{t|Y}}. The {{t|ga}} is mandatory in this position, otherwise {{t|súq chỉetuache}} would be interpreted as a serial verb conjugated in {{tone|2}}.
+When tone-conjugating a verb, only the {{tone|4}} on the first word changes to the new tone:
+{| class="wikitable"
+! {{tone|2}}
+! {{tone|3}}
+! {{tone|4}}
+! {{tone|5}}
+|-
+| {{t|nío}}<br>the young one
+| {{t|nïo hóa}} <span style="opacity:0.5">{{t|cy}}</span><br>…who is young
+| {{t|nỉo}}<br>is young
+| {{t|nîo (súq)}} <span style="opacity:0.5">{{t|cy}}</span><br>that (you) are young
+|-
+| {{t|méa chíeme}}<br>the one among the class
+| {{t|mëa chíeme hóa}} <span style="opacity:0.5">{{t|cy}}</span><br>…who is among the class
+| {{t|mẻa chíeme}}<br>is among the class
+| {{t|mêa chíeme (súq)}} <span style="opacity:0.5">{{t|cy}}</span><br>that (you) are among the class
+|-
+| {{t|mí Sảra}}<br>(the) Sara
+| {{t|mï Sảra hóa}} <span style="opacity:0.5">{{t|cy}}</span><br>…who is Sara
+| {{t|mỉ Sảra}}<br>is Sara
+| {{t|mî Sảra (súq)}} <span style="opacity:0.5">{{t|cy}}</span><br>that (you) are Sara
+|-
+| {{t|lú sẻa hóa dãqleı ky}}<br>the one who rarely rests
+| {{t|lü sẻa hóa dãqleı ky hóa}} <span style="opacity:0.5">{{t|cy}}</span><br>…who is someone who rarely rests<ref>It's simpler to just say {{t|sëa hóa dãqleı}}, so this one isn't very useful.</ref>
+| {{t|lủ sẻa hóa dãqleı ky}}<br>is someone who rarely rests
+| {{t|lû sẻa hóa dãqleı ky (súq)}} <span style="opacity:0.5">{{t|cy}}</span><br>that (you) are someone who rarely rests<ref>Here, too, it's simpler to just say: {{t|sêa súq dãqleı}}.</ref>
+|-
+| {{t|jóaı kảqshıa}}<br>the glasses-seeker
+| {{t|jöaı kảqshıa hóa}} <span style="opacity:0.5">{{t|cy}}</span><br>…who seeks glasses
+| {{t|jỏaı kảqshıa}}<br>seeks glasses
+| {{t|jôaı kảqshıa (súq)}} <span style="opacity:0.5">{{t|cy}}</span><br>that (you) seek glasses
+|}