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Serial verb: Difference between revisions

Serial verb (view source)

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A '''serial verb''' (or '''serial''') is created when two or more [[verb]]s are placed together. This process is called '''serialization'''.
A '''serial verb''' (or '''serial''') (Toaq: {{t|jeotoachue}}) is created when two or more [[verb]]s are placed together. This process is called '''serialization'''.


== Examples ==
== Examples ==
Serial verbs are a very powerful construct in Toaq grammar: any verb with a “satisfies property…” or “is the case” slot can essentially act as an auxiliary verb to another. With other verbs, the result is like “adjective-noun”, or “verb-[[baq]]-object”.
Serial verbs are a powerful construct in Toaq grammar.


Any verb with an “event/proposition”, “property”, or “relation” slot at the end can essentially act as an auxiliary verb. See [[Frame]] for how to recognize these slots.
Here is a list of examples to demonstrate the sort of thing serial verbs let you express in Toaq.
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Serial verb examples
|+ Serial verb examples
! {{t|deq  koı}}
! {{t|deq  koı}}
| can · walk
| can walk
| A modal auxiliary verb, like in English.
|-
! {{t|pu  koı}}
| did · walk
| A tense auxiliary verb, like in English.
|-
|-
! {{t|sheo  fıeq}}
! {{t|sheo  fıeq}}
| regret · inventing
| regret inventing
| A less familiar auxiliary verb: {{t|sheo}} “regret”.
|-
|-
! {{t|leo  kuaq}}
! {{t|leo  kuaq}}
| try to · express
| try expressing
| Many serials correspond to “(verb) to (verb)” in English.
|-
! {{t|guaı kaı}}
| work on writing
|-
! {{t|tua cuaı}}
| make wet
|-
|-
! {{t|jaq  chuı}}
! {{t|jaq  chuı}}
| very · early
| very early
| Other serials correspond to adverbs in English.
|-
|-
! {{t|bu  suaojıe}}
! {{t|joe suaq}}
| not · care about
| be skilled at singing
| Even negation can be done with a serial verb.
|-
|-
! {{t|taq  loı}}
! {{t|taq  loı}}
| self- · hate
| self- hate
| Serialization can be used to make reflexive verbs.
|-
! {{t|sao  meı}}
| big · mountain
| An “adjectival” serial verb (adjective-noun).
|-
! {{t|joaı  haq}}
| seek · food
| A “genitival” serial verb (verb-[[baq]]-noun).
|}
|}


== Merging definitions ==
== Merging definitions ==
When joining two verbs together into one, their definitions are merged according to the [[serialization algorithm]].
When joining two verbs together into a serial, their definitions are merged according to the [[serialization algorithm]].
 
Verbs that are treated the same in this algorithm are said to belong to the same “[[frame#Serial frames|serial frame]]”.


All of the behaviors in the table above arise from a handful of rules:
All of the behaviors in the table above arise from a handful of rules:


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Property slot: “merge-away”
|+ Event/proposition slot: “merge-into”
|-
! chı
| ___ believes that
| style=color:red | ___
| is the case
|-
! zudeq
|
| ___
| speaks language
| ___ 
|-
! chı zudeq
| colspan=4 align=center style=color:green | ___ believes that ___ speaks language ___.
|}
 
 
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Property slot: “merge-away one”
|-
|-
! leo
! leo
Line 67: Line 79:


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Event slot: “merge-into”
|+ Relation (binary property) slot: “merge-away two”
|-
! noa
| ___ is difficult to be in relation
| style=color:red | ___
| with
|-
|-
! le
! lım
| it is probable that
| ___
|  
|  
|-
| style=color:red | ___ understands ___
! guq
|  
|  
| ___
| is underneath
| ___ 
|-
|-
! le guq
! noa lım
| colspan=4 align=center style=color:green | ___ is probably underneath ___
| colspan=3 align=center style=color:green | ___ is difficult to understand.
|}
|}


<!--
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Transitive verb: “merge-with-[[baq]]”
|+ Transitive verb: “merge-with-[[baq]]”
Line 101: Line 113:


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Adjective: “describe-head”
|+ Adjective: “describe”
|-
|-
! sao
! sao
Line 114: Line 126:
| colspan=4 align=center style=color:green | ___ is a big part of ___
| colspan=4 align=center style=color:green | ___ is a big part of ___
|}
|}
-->


== Long serials ==
== Long serials ==
Line 119: Line 132:
For more than two verbs, this merging process is right-grouping:
For more than two verbs, this merging process is right-grouping:
{{Example|sheo (leo kuaq)|regret (trying to express)}}
{{Example|sheo (leo kuaq)|regret (trying to express)}}
{{Example|le (haı (luı (ceo guaı)))|probably (already (have (started working)))}}
{{Example|le (taoshao (ceo guaı))|probably (intend to (start working))}}


== Usage ==
== Usage ==


The result can be used as a verb by saying each word in {{tone|4}}:
The result can be used as a verb by saying each word in {{Done|1}}:


{{Example|Dẻq kỏı súq moq?|Are you <u>able to walk</u>?}}
{{Example|Ma <u>deq koı</u> súq?|Are you <u>able to walk</u>?}}
{{Example|Bủ sủaojıe jí ní da.|I <u>don't care about</u> that.}}
{{Example|<u>Bujuı suaomıu</u> jí ní da.|I <u>barely care about</u> that.}}
{{Example|Shẻo lẻo rủo hủaq cảq jí nháo da.|I <u>regret trying to act more strong than</u> them.}}
{{Example|<u>Sheo leo ruo huaq caq</u> jí nháo da.|I <u>regret trying to act more strong than</u> them.}}


Only the first word is conjugated for tone, and everything else stays in {{tone|4}}.
Only the first word is conjugated for tone, and everything else stays in {{Done|1}}.


{{Example|táq lỏı|self-hater}}
{{Example|táq loı|the self-hater}}
{{Example|täq lỏı|… who self-hates}}
{{Example|jâq de|very beautifully}}
{{Example|jãq dẻ|very beautifully}}
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