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{{GammaNote}}
A '''thematic role''' or '''semantic role''' is a way in which an object can relate to an event.
A '''thematic role''' or '''semantic role''' is a way in which an object can relate to an event.


Some examples of thematic roles are “agent” (who is willfully causing this event?), “instrument” (what is used to carry out this event?), or “patient” (what is affected/changed by this event?).
Some examples of thematic roles are:
* “agent”: who is willfully causing this event?
* “benefactor”: who benefits from this event?
* “patient”: who or what is affected/changed by this event?


== Syntactic and thematic roles ==
== Syntactic and thematic roles ==
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<blockquote>{{t|choıdea}}: ___ stabs ___.</blockquote>
<blockquote>{{t|choıdea}}: ___ stabs ___.</blockquote>


Whereas thematic roles are represented using verbs that relate an event to an object, generally used as [[prepositions]] ({{tone|6}}):
Whereas thematic roles are represented using verbs that relate an event to an object, generally used as [[prepositions]] ({{done|4}}):


<blockquote>{{t|chou}}: ___ is an event with ___ as its instrument.</blockquote>
<blockquote>{{t|nhuq}}: ___ happens for ___'s benefit.</blockquote>


In these two sentences, the ''syntactic'' subject and object are exchanged, but the ''thematic'' roles stay the same: Brutus, the agent, is causing change, while Caesar, the patient, suffers this change.
=== An example ===
In the two sentences below, the ''syntactic'' subject and object are exchanged, but the ''thematic'' roles stay the same: Brutus, the agent, is causing change, while Caesar, the patient, suffers this change.


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
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! Subject !! Object !! Agent !! Patient
! Subject !! Object !! Agent !! Patient
|-
|-
| (1) {{t|Chỏıdea mí Bủtusy mí Kảısary da.}} || Brutus || Caesar || Brutus || Caesar
| (1) {{t|Choıdea mí Butusu mí Kaısa da.}}<br>Brutus stabs Caesar. || Brutus || Caesar || Brutus || Caesar
|-
|-
| (2) {{t|Tẻ chỏıdea mí Kảısary mí Bủtusy da.}} || Caesar || Brutus || Brutus || Caesar
| (2) {{t|Bọchoıdea mí Kaısa mí Butusu da.}}<br>Caesar is-stabbed-by Brutus. || Caesar || Brutus || Brutus || Caesar
|}
|}


Note that the assignment of Agent and Patient roles to Brutus and Caesar happens “automatically” according to the semantics of {{t|choıdea}}. To stab is for an agent to stab a patient.
Note that the assignment of Agent and Patient roles to Brutus and Caesar happens “automatically” according to the semantics of {{t|choıdea}}. To stab is for an agent to stab a patient.


We can further dress the event up with an “instrument” using a thematic role word:
We can further dress the event up with a “benefactor” using a preposition:
 
<blockquote>(3) {{t|Choıdea mí Butusu mí Kaısa <u>nhûq</u> mí Loqgınu da.}}<br>(4) {{t|Bọchoıdea mí Kaısa mí Butusu <u>nhûq</u> mí Loqgınu da.}}</blockquote>


<blockquote>(3) {{t|Chỏıdea mí Bủtusy mí Kảısary <u>chòu</u> sa tỏemy da.}}<br>(4) {{t|Tẻ chỏıdea mí Kảısary mí Bủtusy <u>chòu</u> sa tỏemy da.}}</blockquote>
We say that the stabbing-event, or the being-stabbed-event, “happens for” Longinus's sake.


We say that the stabbing-event, or the being-stabbed-event, “happens using” a knife.
== Table of thematic role words ==


== Overview of thematic role words ==
Each of these has a definition like: “___ is an event with ___ as its '''(Role)'''.”


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
! Toaq word !! Definition !! Example
! Toaq word !! Role !! Example
|-
| {{t|bọtua}}
| Actor
| {{t|bộtua jí}}, “<u>brought about by</u> me”
|-
|-
| {{t|chou}}
| {{t|bọtao}}
| ___ is an event with ___ as its '''instrument'''.
| Intentional actor
| {{t|chòu sa tỏemy}} “<u>using</u> a knife”
| {{t|bộtao jí}}, “<u>done by</u> me”
|-
|-
| {{t|nhe}}
| {{t|nhe}}
| ___ is an event with ___ as its '''extent'''.
| Extent
| {{t|Lỏq náo nhè sáqheı kẻıcıu}}, “the water is <u>30°C</u> hot”
| {{t|loq náo nhê néıheı keıcıu}}, “the water is <u>90°C</u> hot”
|-
|-
! colspan="3" style="text-align:center" | Words below this line are unofficial
| {{t|zuo}}
| Purpose
| {{t|zûo ꝡä jaı súq}}, “<u>so that</u> you may be happy”
|-
|-
| {{t|sıy}}
| {{t|fana}}
| ___ is an event with ___ as its '''starting point, source, origin'''.
| End point, direction, goal
| {{t|Jảra nháo sìy búe}}, “they run <u>from</u> the house”
| {{t|jara nháo fâna búe}}, “they run <u>toward</u> the house”
|-
|-
| {{t|fay}}
| {{t|duo}}
| ___ is an event with ___ as its '''end point, direction, goal'''.
| Duration
| {{t|Jảra nháo fày búe}}, “they run <u>toward</u> the house”
| {{t|jara nháo dûo sá hora}}, “they run <u>for</u> an hour”
|-
|-
| {{t|puoq}}
| {{t|kuı}}
| ___ is an event with ___ as its '''purpose'''.
| Reason
| {{t|pùoq jâı súq}}, “<u>so that</u> you may be happy”
| {{t|soa jí súq kûı ꝡä paı súq jí}}, “I help you <u>because</u> you're my friend”
|-
|-
| {{t|gekyı}}<ref>{{t|kyı}} is an invalid syllable, marking these words as somewhat more experimental than the others.</ref>
! colspan="3" style="text-align:center" | Words below this line are unofficial
| ___ is an event with ___ as its '''stimulus'''.
| {{t|Ảchu hó gèkyı póıbā}}, “She sneezes <u>because of/from</u> the grass”
|-
|-
| {{t|juqkyı}}
| {{t|sını}}
| … '''recipient/benefactor'''
| Starting point, source, origin
| {{t|Sủaq jí jùqkyı súq}}, “I sing <u>for</u> you”
| {{t|jara nháo sînı búe}}, “they run <u>from</u> the house”
|-
|-
| {{t|toıkyı}}
| {{t|gekyı}}<ref>{{t|kyı}} is an invalid syllable, marking these words as somewhat more experimental than the others.</ref>
| … '''agent'''
| Stimulus
| Usually automatically assigned via syntactic slots.
| {{t|achu jí gêkyı hóegıo}}, “I sneeze <u>from</u> the sunlight”
|-
|-
| {{t|tekyı}}
| {{t|tekyı}}
| … '''patient'''
| Patient
| Usually automatically assigned via syntactic slots.
| {{t|ruqshua têkyı jí}}, “it rains <u>on (affecting, i.e. wetting)</u> me”
|-
|-
| {{t|taqkyı}}
| {{t|taqkyı}}
| … '''agent + patient'''
| Agent + patient (affecting self)
| Usually automatically assigned via syntactic slots.
|  
|-
|-
| {{t|lıekyı}}
| {{t|lıekyı}}
| … '''experiencer'''
| Experiencer
|
|
|}
|}
“Agent” and “patient” roles are usually baked into a transitive verb, so translating {{t|toıkyı}} and {{t|tekyı}} can be a bit tricky or ambiguous.
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