Changes between Beta and Gamma: Difference between revisions

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 Here is a quick overview of changes since the Public Beta version of Toaq on http://toaq.org/:
-* There are new consonants '''z''' /d͡z/ and '''nh''' /ɲ/. There is a new vowel '''y''' /ə/.
+* Sounds and spelling:
-* There are some new syllable endings, like '''uoı'''. They aren't fully set in stone yet.
+** An [https://toaqlanguage.wordpress.com/2019/07/25/on-the-sounds-of-toaq-phonology-update/ update] to the tones: the '''ǎ''' tone for relative clauses is now "rising glottal", and it is spelled '''ä'''. The '''ã''' tone for adverbs is now "falling glottal".
-* Syllables [https://toaqlanguage.wordpress.com/2019/07/25/on-the-sounds-of-toaq-phonology-update/ may start with an unwritten glottal stop], like '''elū''' (elephant). Within a word it's written with an apostrophe: '''elū'āı'''.
+** There are new consonants '''z''' [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_affricate#Voiced_alveolar_sibilant_affricate /d͡z/] and '''nh''' [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_palatal_nasal /ɲ/]. There is a new vowel '''y''' [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mid_central_vowel /ə/].
-* The interjections '''ha''', '''hıa''', '''hue''' are gone. Future interjections will probably look like: '''á''', '''è''', '''m̄'''.
+** There are some new syllable endings, like '''uoı'''. They aren't fully set in stone yet.
-* A few common words have moved: '''toaq''' (language) is now '''zu'''. '''deoq''' (talk) is now '''koy'''. '''suo''' (broken) is now '''zuy'''.
+** Syllables [https://toaqlanguage.wordpress.com/2019/07/25/on-the-sounds-of-toaq-phonology-update/ may start with an unwritten glottal stop], like '''elū''' (elephant). Within a word it's written with an apostrophe: '''elū'āı'''.
-* Quantifiers now precede a falling-tone predicate phrase: '''sa rảı''' instead of '''sa ráı'''. The meaning of the rising tone ('''ráı''') has changed a little bit. See [https://toaqlanguage.wordpress.com/2019/07/24/on-quantifiers-and-variables-grammar-update/ this blog post].
+* Vocabulary:
-* '''baq''' is now a quantifier. '''baq pỏq''' means "people", the [[kind]], rather than "a person" or "some people".
+** The interjections '''ha''', '''hıa''', '''hue''' are gone. Future interjections will probably look like: '''á''', '''è''', '''m̄'''.
-* Adverbs like '''dẽ''' no longer wrap the whole sentence they're in. See [[Small Grammar Update]].
+** A few common words have moved: '''toaq''' (language) is now '''zu'''. '''deoq''' (talk) is now '''koy'''. '''suo''' (broken) is now '''zuy'''.
-* There is a rich new system of [https://toaqlanguage.wordpress.com/2021/08/13/toaqs-pronominal-system/ pronoun classes].
+* The [https://toaqlanguage.wordpress.com/2019/07/24/on-quantifiers-and-variables-grammar-update/ quantifiers update]:
-* As part of this system, '''ho''' now always "anaphoric": it refers to someone mentioned earlier in the sentence. The new "exophoric" third-person pronoun is '''nhao'''.
+** Quantifiers now precede a falling-tone predicate phrase: '''sa rảı''' instead of '''sa ráı'''.
-* '''lu''' now works the same in every tone (it didn't quite before) and '''la''' (a new word) now covers some old uses of it. See official blog post [https://toaqlanguage.wordpress.com/2021/08/09/miscellanea-2/ Miscellanea #2]. The fate of "old '''la'''" is undecided.
+** '''sa kủnē''' binds a variable that may be referred back to using '''kúnē'''.
-* '''lu''' is terminated by '''ky''', and relative/content clauses are terminated by '''cy'''. See [https://toaqlanguage.wordpress.com/2021/08/13/miscellanea-3/ Miscellanea #3].
+** '''do''' (the special variable name word) is no longer used, because every word can act like a variable name.
+** '''baq''' is now a quantifier. '''baq pỏq''' means "people", the [[kind]], rather than "a person" or "some people".
+** '''hoı''' ("the aforementioned…") is now a quantifier.
+* The [[Small Grammar Update]]:
+** Adverbs no longer work like '''sủaq dẽ = dẻ sûaq'''. Instead they just embellish the assertion (like '''sủaq, na ru dẻ hôq''').
+* The new [https://toaqlanguage.wordpress.com/2021/08/13/toaqs-pronominal-system/ pronoun system]:
+** '''ho''' is now always "[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaphora_(linguistics) anaphoric]": it refers to someone mentioned earlier in the text. The new "[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exophora exophoric]" third-person pronoun is '''nhao'''.
+** '''ta''' is now a pronoun referring to adjectival descriptions like '''sa dẻ'''. There's no new 4th-slot tag to follow '''fı go cu'''.
+* [https://toaqlanguage.wordpress.com/2021/08/09/miscellanea-2/ Miscellanea #2]:
+** '''lu''' now works the same in every tone (it didn't quite before), and always binds '''hoa'''.
+** '''la''' now starts a declaration the way '''ma''' starts a question. The fate of "old '''la'''" is undecided.
+** Instead of '''lû''', say '''lâ''' now.
+* [https://toaqlanguage.wordpress.com/2021/08/13/miscellanea-3/ Miscellanea #3]:
+** '''ju''' takes a full sentence.
+** '''lu''' is terminated by '''ky''', and relative/content clauses are terminated by '''cy'''.