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== Tones == | == Tones == | ||
[ | #The '''falling tone''' {{done|1}} is used for verbs, predicatizers, and adjectives. ({{t|fa}} “goes”, {{t|kúe gı}} “the good book”, {{t|… po káto}} “… of the cat”) | ||
#The '''rising tone''' {{done|2}} is used for nouns, [[determiners]], and pronouns. ({{t|káto}} “the cat”, {{t|sá kato}} “some cat(s)”, {{t|jí}} “I/me”) | |||
#The '''low glottal tone''' {{done|3}} is used for complementizers and clause-initiating words ({{t|ꝡä gı}} “that it’s good”) | |||
#The '''rising-falling tone''' {{done|4}} is for adverbial adjuncts | |||
==Toaq Gamma== | ==Toaq Gamma== | ||
Tones worked ''quite'' differently back in Toaq Gamma. | Tones worked ''quite'' differently back in Toaq Gamma. | ||
=== Verb tones === | ===Verb tones=== | ||
Every verb can be "conjugated" into one of six tones, each of which expresses some grammatical function: | Every verb can be "conjugated" into one of six tones, each of which expresses some grammatical function: | ||
# (see [[#History|History section]] for why there is no tone #1) | #(see [[#History|History section]] for why there is no tone #1) | ||
# The '''rising tone''' {{tone|2}} marks a noun or [[bound variable]]. ({{t|súq}} “you”, {{t|sa pỏq… póq}} “some person… that person”) | #The '''rising tone''' {{tone|2}} marks a noun or [[bound variable]]. ({{t|súq}} “you”, {{t|sa pỏq… póq}} “some person… that person”) | ||
# The '''rising-creaky tone''' {{tone|3}} marks the start of a [[relative clause]]. ({{t|gï}} “which is good”) | #The '''rising-creaky tone''' {{tone|3}} marks the start of a [[relative clause]]. ({{t|gï}} “which is good”) | ||
# The '''falling tone''' {{tone|4}} marks a verb phrase, or the tail of a [[serial]]. ({{t|fả}} “goes”, {{t|bũ dẻ}} “not-beautifully”) | #The '''falling tone''' {{tone|4}} marks a verb phrase, or the tail of a [[serial]]. ({{t|fả}} “goes”, {{t|bũ dẻ}} “not-beautifully”) | ||
# The '''rising-falling tone''' {{tone|5}} marks the start of a [[content clause]]. ({{t|gî}} “that it's good”) | #The '''rising-falling tone''' {{tone|5}} marks the start of a [[content clause]]. ({{t|gî}} “that it's good”) | ||
# The '''mid-falling tone''' {{tone|6}} marks a [[preposition]]. ({{t|bìe ní}} “after that”) | #The '''mid-falling tone''' {{tone|6}} marks a [[preposition]]. ({{t|bìe ní}} “after that”) | ||
# The '''falling creaky tone''' {{tone|7}} marks an [[adverb]]. ({{t|dẽ}} “beautifully”) | #The '''falling creaky tone''' {{tone|7}} marks an [[adverb]]. ({{t|dẽ}} “beautifully”) | ||
Sometimes people will say “the fifth tone” or “t5” instead of “the rising-falling tone”. | Sometimes people will say “the fifth tone” or “t5” instead of “the rising-falling tone”. | ||
==== Possible new tone scheme ==== | ====Possible new tone scheme==== | ||
''Main Article: [[Main verb tone]]'' | ''Main Article: [[Main verb tone]]'' | ||
On 21 August 2022, Hoemaı mentioned trying to settle on a new tone scheme. | On 21 August 2022, Hoemaı mentioned trying to settle on a new tone scheme. | ||
# {{tone|1}} — adjunct (adverbs and prepositions) | #{{tone|1}} — adjunct (adverbs and prepositions) | ||
# {{tone|2}} — nouns or bound variable | #{{tone|2}} — nouns or bound variable | ||
# {{tone|3}} — allotone of {{tone|7}}; alternatively if adverbs and prepositions stay separate, it would take one of those functions | #{{tone|3}} — allotone of {{tone|7}}; alternatively if adverbs and prepositions stay separate, it would take one of those functions | ||
# {{tone|4}} — tail of a serial | #{{tone|4}} — tail of a serial | ||
# {{tone|5}} — relative clauses | #{{tone|5}} — relative clauses | ||
# {{tone|6}} — main verb | #{{tone|6}} — main verb | ||
# {{tone|7}} — content clauses | #{{tone|7}} — content clauses | ||
# {{tone|8}} — particles | #{{tone|8}} — particles | ||
# {{tone|3old}} — allotone of {{tone|6}} | #{{tone|3old}} — allotone of {{tone|6}} | ||
=== Neutral tone === | ===Neutral tone=== | ||
Particles, on the other hand, are in the '''neutral tone''' {{tone|8}} (aka the 8th tone), which is not really a tone. The only rule is that you don't continue the contour of the previous tone. So, when saying a particle after the falling tone {{tone|4}}, you should go up in pitch to break the falling contour. This way, the listener can tell the difference between {{t|lẻ moq}} and {{t|lẻmoq}}. | Particles, on the other hand, are in the '''neutral tone''' {{tone|8}} (aka the 8th tone), which is not really a tone. The only rule is that you don't continue the contour of the previous tone. So, when saying a particle after the falling tone {{tone|4}}, you should go up in pitch to break the falling contour. This way, the listener can tell the difference between {{t|lẻ moq}} and {{t|lẻmoq}}. | ||
=== History === | ===History=== | ||
There used to be a '''flat tone''' {{tone|1}}, which marked the continuation of a multisyllable word. But now, the tone contour is spread out over the whole word. This was tone #1, but now it is gone. So we start counting from #2, because it would be more confusing to re-number them. | There used to be a '''flat tone''' {{tone|1}}, which marked the continuation of a multisyllable word. But now, the tone contour is spread out over the whole word. This was tone #1, but now it is gone. So we start counting from #2, because it would be more confusing to re-number them. | ||
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More subtly, {{t|lâ}} is not {{Tone|5}} + {{t|lả}}. Rather, each of {{Tone|5}} and {{t|lả}} is a complementizer in its own right. So really {{t|lâ}} is also its own complementizer, of which {{Tone|5}} is an allomorph. | More subtly, {{t|lâ}} is not {{Tone|5}} + {{t|lả}}. Rather, each of {{Tone|5}} and {{t|lả}} is a complementizer in its own right. So really {{t|lâ}} is also its own complementizer, of which {{Tone|5}} is an allomorph. | ||
== External links == | ==External links== | ||
* [https://toaq.net/refgram/02/ Refgram: symbols and sounds] | *[https://toaq.net/refgram/02/ Refgram: symbols and sounds] | ||
* [https://toaq.net/refgram/03/ Refgram: phonology] | *[https://toaq.net/refgram/03/ Refgram: phonology] | ||