10
edits
Conjunction: Difference between revisions
m
GammaNote to mark WIP
Mí shıukune (talk | contribs) m (GammaNote to mark WIP) |
|||
| (4 intermediate revisions by 2 users not shown) | |||
| Line 1: | Line 1: | ||
{{GammaNote}} | |||
A '''conjunction''' is a [[particle]] that combines two constituents (grammatical units) into one. | A '''conjunction''' is a [[particle]] that combines two constituents (grammatical units) into one. | ||
| Line 10: | Line 12: | ||
The logical conjunctions are: {{t|ru}} “and”, {{t|ra}} “either/or”, {{t|ro}} “xor”, and {{t|rı}} “which one?”. | The logical conjunctions are: {{t|ru}} “and”, {{t|ra}} “either/or”, {{t|ro}} “xor”, and {{t|rı}} “which one?”. | ||
They can combine noun | They can combine noun forms, verb forms, adverbials, prepositions, relative clauses, and statements: see the [https://toaq.net/refgram/22/ refgram]. | ||
=== On combining verb forms === | |||
Logical conjunctions of verb forms have “combine the sentences” semantics ''inside their would-be definition'', rather than causing a bifurcation in the clause they're in. | |||
For example, {{t|bảo ru kủo}} is a new verb form meaning “___ is white, and it is black”. | |||
So {{t|Nẻo sa bảo ru kủo tóq}} claims that there is a black-and-white thing on the table. We do not read it as {{t|(Nẻo sa bảo tóq) & (Nẻo sa kủo tóq)}}. If this meaning is desired it can be recovered by combining noun forms instead: {{t|Nẻo sa bảo ru <u>sa</u> kủo tóq}}. | |||
=== On combining statements === | === On combining statements === | ||
To say “I work and you rest”, you might try {{t|Gủaı jí ru sẻa súq}}. But this is incorrect: {{t|jí ru sẻa}} is a [[noun | To say “I work and you rest”, you might try {{t|Gủaı jí ru sẻa súq}}. But this is incorrect: {{t|jí ru sẻa}} is a [[noun form]] meaning “that which is me and rests”. (It's the {{tone|2}} tone-conjugation of the conjoined [[verb form]] {{t|jỉ ru sẻa}}.) | ||
Statements are correctly combined by placing the statement-terminator particle {{t|na}} in front of the conjunction. | Statements are correctly combined by placing the statement-terminator particle {{t|na}} in front of the conjunction. | ||
| Line 28: | Line 37: | ||
== Non-logical conjunctions == | == Non-logical conjunctions == | ||
A '''non-logical''' conjunction is one that combines two noun | A '''non-logical''' conjunction is one that combines two noun forms into a new noun form, without such “logical expansion” semantics. | ||
The only non-logical conjunction in standard Toaq is {{t|roı}} “together with”, which takes the [[plural logic]] “sum” of its conjugands. | The only non-logical conjunction in standard Toaq is {{t|roı}} “together with”, which takes the [[plural logic]] “sum” of its conjugands. | ||
| Line 38: | Line 47: | ||
{{Example|Hỉe <u>súq ru jí</u> sa shỉ cẻa da.|You carry a bag, and I carry a bag.}} | {{Example|Hỉe <u>súq ru jí</u> sa shỉ cẻa da.|You carry a bag, and I carry a bag.}} | ||
Joining things that aren't noun | Joining things that aren't noun forms with {{t|roı}} is a bit semantically dubious. Possibly, joining statements with {{t|roı}} means something like claiming a “sum event” of two things happening together, maybe in the same time/place/context, rather than claiming that one happens and the other happens. | ||
== Prefix usage == | == Prefix usage == | ||
Instead of “X conjunction Y”, you can say “{{t|to}} conjunction X {{t|to}} Y”, which has the conjunction in front of both arguments, yielding a structure similar to “either X or Y” or “both X and Y” in English. | Instead of “X conjunction Y”, you can say “{{t|to}} conjunction X {{t|to}} Y”, which has the conjunction in front of both arguments, yielding a structure similar to “either X or Y” or “both X and Y” in English. | ||
== Associativity == | |||
Infix conjunctions, perhaps surprisingly to Lojbanists, associate (i.e. group) rightwards. | |||
{{Example|nủı ru lủe ra bảo ro dẻ|small AND (yellow OR (white XOR pretty))}} | |||
You can use {{t|to}} as "parentheses". | |||
{{Example|to ra nủı ru lủe to bảo ro dẻ|(small AND yellow) OR (white XOR pretty))}} | |||
== See also == | == See also == | ||
* [https://toaq.net/refgram/22/ ''Coordination''] in the [[refgram]]. | * [https://toaq.net/refgram/22/ ''Coordination''] in the [[refgram]]. | ||