Property: Difference between revisions

61 bytes added ,  21:07, 6 December 2022
update for delta
(update for delta)
Line 28: Line 28:
</blockquote>
</blockquote>


Toaq has grammar to describe a property: you use a {{Tone|5}} [[content clause]] with the word {{t|ja}} in it.
Toaq has grammar to describe a property: you use a [[content clause]] that begins with {{t|lä}} and has the word {{t|}} in it.


This word, {{t|ja}}, corresponds to the hole in the property.
This word, {{t|}}, corresponds to the hole in the property.


For example:
For example:


{{Example|gêanua {{green|ja}} ke tỏqfua|{{green|▯}} lifts up the table.}}
{{Example|lä geanua {{green|}} tóqfua|{{green|▯}} lifts up the table.}}
{{Example|Lẻo gêanua ja ke tỏqfua.|I try to satisfy "▯ lifts up the table."}}
{{Example|Leo lä geanua já tóqfua.|I try to satisfy "▯ lifts up the table."}}


In English, we just say "I try {{green|to lift up the table}}." There's no word that corresponds to {{t|ja}}. Properties in Toaq often correspond to English infinitives and gerunds.
In English, we just say "I try {{green|to lift up the table}}." There's no word that corresponds to {{t|}}. Properties in Toaq often correspond to English infinitives and gerunds.


=== Example: comparatives ===  
=== Example: comparatives ===  
Line 47: Line 47:
This word says that one thing satisfies some property to a greater degree/extent than another.
This word says that one thing satisfies some property to a greater degree/extent than another.


{{Example|shêaqsao {{green|ja}}|{{green|▯}} is tall.}}
{{Example|lä sheaqsao {{green|}}|{{green|▯}} is tall.}}
{{Example|Hủaq jí súq shêaqsao ja.|I am more than you in "▯ is tall."<br>I am taller than you.}}
{{Example|Huaq jí súq lä sheaqsao já.|I am more than you in "▯ is tall."<br>I am taller than you.}}


This example somewhat demonstrates the usefulness of properties. We can say {{t|shêaqsao ja}} to refer to "tallness" or "being tall" in the abstract, and then use {{t|huaq}} to compare two concrete "fillings" of that property.
This example somewhat demonstrates the usefulness of properties. We can say {{t|lä sheaqsao já}} to refer to "tallness" or "being tall" in the abstract, and then use {{t|huaq}} to compare two concrete "fillings" of that property.


If we only had complete clauses, we'd have to repeat ourselves and say something like "{{t|shêaqsao jí}} is more true than {{t|shêaqsao súq}}".
If we only had complete clauses, we'd have to repeat ourselves and say something like "{{t|ꝡä sheaqsao jí}} is more true than {{t|ꝡä sheaqsao súq}}".


== {{t|ja}} is a determiner ==
== {{t|}} is a determiner ==
The "property hole marker" {{t|ja}} is a [[determiner]], just like {{t|sa}} or {{t|tushı}}. This means it can be followed by a verb in {{Tone|4}} to give a name and domain to the hole it creates.
The "property hole marker" {{t|}} is a [[determiner]], just like {{t|}} or {{t|}}. This means it can be followed by a verb in {{Done|1}} to give a name and domain to the hole it creates.


<blockquote>
<blockquote>
{{t|mîu {{green|ja dẻo}} môıjoe déo}} = {{green|▯ ({{t|déo}}), a child,}} opines that {{t|déo}} is smart.<br>= "for children to find themselves smart."
{{t|lä mıu {{green|já deo}} ꝡä moıjoe déo}} = {{green|▯ ({{t|déo}}), a child,}} opines that {{t|déo}} is smart.<br>= "for children to find themselves smart."
</blockquote>
</blockquote>


<!--
== Nested clause gotcha ==
== Nested clause gotcha ==
One may approach expressing a property like ''I don't know whether ▯ likes conlangs'' like this:
One may approach expressing a property like ''I don't know whether ▯ likes conlangs'' like this:


<blockquote>
<blockquote>
<nowiki>*</nowiki>{{t|bû dủa jí {{red|mâ chỏ ja baq fỉeqzu}}}}
<nowiki>*</nowiki>{{t|lä bu dua jí {{red|mä cho já báq fıeqzu}}}}
</blockquote>
</blockquote>


Sadly this is incorrect! The {{t|ja}} associates with the nested clause marked in red instead. In situations like these, one is forced to instead say
Sadly this is incorrect! The {{t|}} associates with the nested clause marked in red instead. In situations like these, one is forced to instead say


<blockquote>
<blockquote>
Line 75: Line 76:
</blockquote>
</blockquote>


Note that this approach is ''never wrong'' – it’s never incorrect to move a {{t|ja}} into a topic phrase, and doing so reduces cognitive load on both speaker and listener.
Note that this approach is ''never wrong'' – it’s never incorrect to move a {{t|}} into a topic phrase, and doing so reduces cognitive load on both speaker and listener.
 
-->


== Serial verbs ==
== Serial verbs ==
Line 87: Line 90:
</blockquote>
</blockquote>


This works so well that you don't see Toaq speakers say {{t|ja}} anywhere near as often as they use verbs like {{t|leo}} and {{t|huaq}}. Once you're used to the rules of serial verbs, they're easier and shorter. But now you know how it works under the hood!
This works so well that you don't see Toaq speakers say {{t|}} anywhere near as often as they use verbs like {{t|leo}} and {{t|huaq}}. Once you're used to the rules of serial verbs, they're easier and shorter. But now you know how it works under the hood!


See the article on [[serial verb]]s for more info.
See the article on [[serial verb]]s for more info.