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Serial verb: Difference between revisions
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A '''serial verb''' is created when two or more [[verb]]s are | A '''serial verb''' (or '''serial''') (Toaq: {{t|jeotoachue}}) is created when two or more [[verb]]s are placed together. This process is called '''serialization'''. | ||
== Examples == | |||
Serial verbs are a powerful construct in Toaq grammar. | |||
Any verb with a “property” or “event” slot at the end can essentially act as an auxiliary verb. | |||
Here is a list of examples to demonstrate the sort of thing serial verbs let you express in Toaq. | |||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|+ Serial verb examples | |+ Serial verb examples | ||
! {{t|deq koı}} | ! {{t|deq koı}} | ||
| can | | can walk | ||
|- | |- | ||
! {{t|sheo fıeq}} | ! {{t|sheo fıeq}} | ||
| regret | | regret inventing | ||
|- | |- | ||
! {{t|leo kuaq}} | ! {{t|leo kuaq}} | ||
| try | | try expressing | ||
|- | |- | ||
! {{t| | ! {{t|guaı kaı}} | ||
| | | work on writing | ||
|- | |||
! {{t|tua cuaı}} | |||
| make wet | |||
|- | |||
! {{t|jaq chuı}} | |||
| very early | |||
|- | |||
! {{t|joe suaq}} | |||
| be skilled at singing | |||
|- | |- | ||
! {{t|taq loı}} | ! {{t|taq loı}} | ||
| self- | | self- hate | ||
|} | |} | ||
When joining two verbs together into | == Merging definitions == | ||
When joining two verbs together into a serial, their definitions are merged according to the [[serialization algorithm]]. | |||
Verbs that are treated the same in this algorithm are said to belong to the same “[[frame#Serial frames|serial frame]]”. | |||
All of the behaviors in the table above arise from a handful of rules: | |||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|+ Property slot “merge-away” | |+ Property slot: “merge-away” | ||
|- | |- | ||
! leo | ! leo | ||
| Line 43: | Line 60: | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|+ Event slot “merge-into” | |+ Event slot: “merge-into” | ||
|- | |- | ||
! le | ! le | ||
| Line 59: | Line 76: | ||
| colspan=4 align=center style=color:green | ___ is probably underneath ___ | | colspan=4 align=center style=color:green | ___ is probably underneath ___ | ||
|} | |} | ||
<!-- | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|+ Transitive verb: “merge-with-[[baq]]” | |||
|- | |||
! cho | |||
| ___ likes | |||
| style=color:red | ___ | |||
|- | |||
! rua | |||
| | |||
| style=color:red | ___ | |||
| is a flower | |||
|- | |||
! cho rua | |||
| colspan=4 align=center style=color:green | ___ likes flowers | |||
|} | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|+ Adjective: “describe” | |||
|- | |||
! sao | |||
| style=color:red | ___ | |||
| is big | |||
|- | |||
! paq | |||
| ___ | |||
| is a part of ___ | |||
|- | |||
! sao paq | |||
| colspan=4 align=center style=color:green | ___ is a big part of ___ | |||
|} | |||
--> | |||
== Long serials == | |||
For more than two verbs, this merging process is right-grouping: | For more than two verbs, this merging process is right-grouping: | ||
{{Example|sheo (leo kuaq)|regret (trying to express)}} | {{Example|sheo (leo kuaq)|regret (trying to express)}} | ||
{{Example|le ( | {{Example|le (taoshao (ceo guaı))|probably (intend to (start working))}} | ||
== Usage == | |||
The result can be used as a verb by saying each word in {{ | The result can be used as a verb by saying each word in {{Done|1}}: | ||
{{Example| | {{Example|Ma <u>deq koı</u> súq?|Are you <u>able to walk</u>?}} | ||
{{Example| | {{Example|<u>Bujuı suaomıu</u> jí ní da.|I <u>barely care about</u> that.}} | ||
{{Example|<u>Sheo leo ruo huaq caq</u> jí nháo da.|I <u>regret trying to act more strong than</u> them.}} | |||
Only the first word is conjugated for tone, and everything else stays in {{ | Only the first word is conjugated for tone, and everything else stays in {{Done|1}}. | ||
{{Example|táq | {{Example|táq loı|the self-hater}} | ||
{{Example| | {{Example|jâq de|very beautifully}} | ||