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A '''thematic role''' or '''semantic role''' is a way in which an object can relate to an event.
A '''thematic role''' or '''semantic role''' is a way in which an object can relate to an event.


Some examples of thematic roles are “agent” (who is causing this event?), “instrument” (what is used to carry out this event?), or “patient” (what is affected/changed by this event?).
Some examples of thematic roles are:
* “agent”: who is willfully causing this event?
* “benefactor”: who benefits from this event?
* “patient”: who or what is affected/changed by this event?


== Syntactic and thematic roles ==
== Syntactic and thematic roles ==
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<blockquote>{{t|choıdea}}: ___ stabs ___.</blockquote>
<blockquote>{{t|choıdea}}: ___ stabs ___.</blockquote>


Whereas thematic roles are represented using verbs that relate an event to an object, generally used as [[prepositions]] ({{tone|6}}):
Whereas thematic roles are represented using verbs that relate an event to an object, generally used as [[preposition]]s ({{done|4}}):


<blockquote>{{t|chou}}: ___ is an event with ___ as its instrument.</blockquote>
<blockquote>{{t|nhuq}}: ___ happens for ___'s benefit.</blockquote>


In these two sentences, the ''syntactic'' subject and object are exchanged, but the ''thematic'' roles stay the same:
=== An example ===
In the two sentences below, the ''syntactic'' subject and object are exchanged, but the ''thematic'' roles stay the same: Brutus, the agent, is causing change, while Caesar, the patient, suffers this change.


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
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! Subject !! Object !! Agent !! Patient
! Subject !! Object !! Agent !! Patient
|-
|-
| (1) {{t|Chỏıdea mí Bủtusy mí Kảısary da.}} || Brutus || Caesar || Brutus || Caesar
| (1) {{t|Choıdea mí Butusu mí Kaısa da.}}<br>Brutus stabs Caesar. || Brutus || Caesar || Brutus || Caesar
|-
|-
| (2) {{t|Tẻ chỏıdea mí Kảısary mí Bủtusy da.}} || Caesar || Brutus || Brutus || Caesar
| (2) {{t|Bọchoıdea mí Kaısa mí Butusu da.}}<br>Caesar is-stabbed-by Brutus. || Caesar || Brutus || Brutus || Caesar
|}
|}


Note that the assignment of Agent and Patient roles to Brutus and Caesar happens “automatically” according to the semantics of {{t|choıdea}}. To stab is for an agent to stab a patient.
Note that the assignment of Agent and Patient roles to Brutus and Caesar happens “automatically” according to the semantics of {{t|choıdea}}. To stab is for an agent to stab a patient.


We can dress the event up with an “instrument” using a thematic role word:
We can further dress the event up with a “benefactor” using a preposition:


<blockquote>(3) {{t|Chỏıdea mí Bủtusy mí Kảısary <u>chòu</u> sa tỏemy da.}}<br>(4) {{t|Tẻ chỏıdea mí Kảısary mí Bủtusy <u>chòu</u> sa tỏemy da.}}</blockquote>
<blockquote>(3) {{t|Choıdea mí Butusu mí Kaısa <u>nhûq</u> mí Loqgınu da.}}<br>(4) {{t|Bọchoıdea mí Kaısa mí Butusu <u>nhûq</u> mí Loqgınu da.}}</blockquote>


We say that the stabbing-event, or the being-stabbed-event, “happens using” a knife.
We say that the stabbing-event, or the being-stabbed-event, “happens for” Longinus's sake.


== Overview of thematic role words ==
=== In Toaq deep [[syntax]] ===
 
(TODO: mention Spec𝑣P thematic role assignment vs. Spec/CompVP syntactic roles)
 
== Table of thematic role words ==
 
Each of these has a definition like: “___ is an event with ___ as its '''(Role)'''.”. The first column lists “transparent” forms, or one that are built from some representative root (like {{t|lıe}} ‘to experience’ for Experiencer, etc.). The second column is a made-up root that has the same meaning, but offers the convenience of being shorter or more elegant than its “transparent” counterpart – note that the word forms with an outgoing link (↗) are unofficial.


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
! Toaq word !! Definition !! Example
! colspan=3 | Toaq word
! rowspan=2 | Role
! rowspan=2 | Example
|-
|-
| {{t|chou}}
! style="font-weight: normal; font-style: italic;" colspan=2 | Transparent
| ___ is an event with ___ as its '''instrument'''.
! style="font-weight: normal; font-style: italic;" | Opaque
| {{t|chòu sa tỏemy}} “<u>using</u> a knife”
|-
|-
| {{t|bọtua}}
| {{t|tuacha}}
| {{t|ecı||ecı%20@TheAndSys}}
| Actor
| {{t|bộtua jí}}, “<u>brought about by</u> me”
|-
| {{t|bọtao}}
| {{t|taocha}}
|
| Intentional actor
| {{t|bộtao jí}}, “<u>done by</u> me”
|-
| {{t|bọne}}
| ({{t|necha}})
| {{t|nhe}}
| {{t|nhe}}
| ___ is an event with ___ as its '''extent'''.
| Extent
| {{t|Lỏq náo nhè sáqheı kẻıcıu}}, “the water is <u>30°C</u> hot”
| {{t|loq náo nhê néıheı keıcıu}}, “the water is <u>90°C</u> hot”
|-
|-
! colspan="3" style="text-align:center" | Words below this line are unofficial
|
|
| {{t|zuo}}
| Purpose
| {{t|zûo ꝡä jaı súq}}, “<u>so that</u> you may be happy”
|-
|-
| {{t|sıy}}
|
| ___ is an event with ___ as its '''starting point, source, origin'''.
|
| {{t|Jảra nháo sìy búe}}, “they run <u>from</u> the house”
| {{t|fana}}
| End point, direction, goal
| {{t|jara nháo fâna búe}}, “they run <u>toward</u> the house”
|-
|-
| {{t|fay}}
|
| ___ is an event with ___ as its '''end point, direction, goal'''.
|
| {{t|Jảra nháo fày búe}}, “they run <u>toward</u> the house”
| {{t|duo}}
| Duration
| {{t|jara nháo dûo sá hora}}, “they run <u>for</u> an hour”
|-
|-
| {{t|puoq}}
|
| ___ is an event with ___ as its '''purpose'''.
|
| {{t|pùoq jâı súq}}, “<u>so that</u> you may be happy”
| {{t|kuı}}
| Reason
| {{t|soa jí súq kûı ꝡä paı súq jí}}, “I help you <u>because</u> you're my friend”
|-
|-
| {{t|gekyı}}<ref>{{t|kyı}} is an invalid syllable, marking these words as somewhat more experimental than the others.</ref>
|
| ___ is an event with ___ as its '''stimulus'''.
|
| {{t|Ảchu hó gèkyı póıbā}}, “She sneezes <u>because of/from</u> the grass”
| {{t|sını}}
| Starting point, source, origin
| {{t|jara nháo sînı búe}}, “they run <u>from</u> the house”
|-
|-
| {{t|juqkyı}}
|
| … '''recipient/benefactor'''
| {{t|gecha}}
| {{t|Sủaq jí jùqkyı súq}}, “I sing <u>for</u> you”
| {{t|gem||head:gem%20@uakci}}
| Stimulus
| {{t|achu jí gêm hóegıo}}, “I sneeze <u>from</u> the sunlight”
|-
|-
| {{t|toıkyı}}
|
| … '''agent'''
| {{t|techa}}
| Usually automatically assigned via syntactic slots.
|
| Patient
| {{t|ruqshua têcha jí}}, “it rains <u>on (affecting, i.e. wetting)</u> me”
|-
|-
| {{t|tekyı}}
|
| … '''patient'''
| {{t|taqcha}}
| Usually automatically assigned via syntactic slots.
|
| Agent + patient (affecting self)
|
|-
|-
| {{t|taqkyı}}
|
| … '''agent + patient'''
| {{t|lıecha}}
| Usually automatically assigned via syntactic slots.
|
| Experiencer
|
|-
|-
| {{t|lıekyı}}
| … '''experiencer'''
|
|
| {{t|juqcha}}
| {{t|com||com%20@lynn}}
| (Intended) recipient
| {{t|shoı jí côm súq}}, “I shout <u>at</u> you” <br> {{t|kuq jí sá côm súq}}, “I say something <u>to</u> you” <br> {{t|juo ní côm súq}} “This is a letter <u>for</u> you”
|}
|}
“Agent” and “patient” roles are usually baked into a transitive verb, so translating {{t|toıcha}} and {{t|techa}} can be a bit tricky or ambiguous.
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