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m (→Nested clause gotcha: fix diacritic) |
(Tiptoe around huaq, now that ha- is the hot new thing) |
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{{Example|lä geanua {{green|já}} tóqfua|{{green|▯}} lifts up the table.}} | {{Example|lä geanua {{green|já}} tóqfua|{{green|▯}} lifts up the table.}} | ||
{{Example|Leo jí lä geanua já tóqfua.|I try to satisfy "▯ lifts up the table."}} | {{Example|Leo jí, lä geanua já tóqfua.|I try to satisfy "▯ lifts up the table."}} | ||
In English, we just say "I try {{green|to lift up the table}}." There's no word that corresponds to {{t|já}}. Properties in Toaq often correspond to English infinitives and gerunds. | In English, we just say "I try {{green|to lift up the table}}." There's no word that corresponds to {{t|já}}. Properties in Toaq often correspond to English infinitives and gerunds. | ||
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Here is another example: | Here is another example: | ||
<blockquote> | <blockquote> | ||
{{t| | {{t|jaqjeq}} = ▯ and ▯ satisfy property ▯ the same amount. | ||
</blockquote> | </blockquote> | ||
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{{Example|lä sheaqsao {{green|já}}|{{green|▯}} is tall.}} | {{Example|lä sheaqsao {{green|já}}|{{green|▯}} is tall.}} | ||
{{Example| | {{Example|Jaqjeq jí súq, lä sheaqsao já.|Me and you satisfy "▯ is tall" the same amount.<br>I'm as tall as you.}} | ||
This example somewhat demonstrates the usefulness of properties. We can say {{t|lä sheaqsao já}} to refer to "tallness" or "being tall" in the abstract, and then use {{t| | This example somewhat demonstrates the usefulness of properties. We can say {{t|lä sheaqsao já}} to refer to "tallness" or "being tall" in the abstract, and then use {{t|jaqjeq}} to compare two concrete "fillings" of that property. | ||
If we only had complete clauses, we'd have to repeat ourselves and say something like "{{t|ꝡä sheaqsao jí}} is | If we only had complete clauses, we'd have to repeat ourselves and say something like "{{t|ꝡä sheaqsao jí}} is true to the same extent as {{t|ꝡä sheaqsao súq}}". | ||
== {{t|já}} is a determiner == | == {{t|já}} is a determiner == | ||
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<blockquote> | <blockquote> | ||
{{t|lä mıu {{green|já deo}} ꝡä moıjoe déo}} = {{green|▯ ({{t|déo}}), a child,}} opines that {{t|déo}} is smart.<br>= "for children to find themselves smart." | {{t|lä mıu {{green|já deo}}, ꝡä moıjoe déo}} = {{green|▯ ({{t|déo}}), a child,}} opines that {{t|déo}} is smart.<br>= "for children to find themselves smart." | ||
</blockquote> | </blockquote> | ||
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<blockquote> | <blockquote> | ||
<nowiki>*</nowiki>{{t|lä bu dua jí {{red|mä cho já báq fıeqzu}}}} | <nowiki>*</nowiki>{{t|lä bu dua jí, {{red|mä cho já báq fıeqzu}}}} | ||
</blockquote> | </blockquote> | ||
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<blockquote> | <blockquote> | ||
{{t|{{green|lä já poq, nä}} bu dua jí mä cho {{green|póq}} báq fıeqzu}} | {{t|{{green|lä já poq, nä}} bu dua jí, mä cho {{green|póq}} báq fıeqzu}}<br/> | ||
{{green|to be | {{green|for a person, to be such that}} I don't know whether {{green|they}} like conlangs | ||
</blockquote> | </blockquote> | ||
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== Serial verbs == | == Serial verbs == | ||
[[Serial verb]]s let words with property slots, like {{t|leo}} and {{t|jaqjeq}}, act as auxiliary verbs: | |||
<blockquote> | |||
{{t|leo geanua}} = ▯ tries to lift up ▯.<br> | |||
{{t|jaqjeq sheaqsao}} = ▯ is equally tall as ▯. | |||
</blockquote> | |||
Here is the same sentence expressed in two ways: first by filling the property slot of {{t|leo}}, and then by using a serial verb to achieve the same thing. | |||
<blockquote> | <blockquote> | ||
{{t| | {{t|Leo jí, {{green|lä geanua já tóqfua}}.}} = I try {{green|to lift up the table}}.<br> | ||
{{t| | {{t|{{blue|Leo geanua}} jí tóqfua.}} = I {{blue|try to lift up}} the table. | ||
</blockquote> | </blockquote> | ||
This works so well that you don't see Toaq speakers say {{t|já}} anywhere near as often as they use verbs like {{t|leo}} and {{t| | This works so well that you don't see Toaq speakers say {{t|lä … já}} anywhere near as often as they use verbs like {{t|leo}} and {{t|jaqjeq}}. Once you're used to the rules of serial verbs, they're easier and shorter. | ||
See the article on [[serial verb]]s for more info. | See the article on [[serial verb]]s for more info. |