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Serial verb: Difference between revisions
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A '''serial verb''' (or '''serial''') is created when two or more [[verb]]s are placed together. This process is called '''serialization'''. | A '''serial verb''' (or '''serial''') (Toaq: {{t|jeotoachue}}) is created when two or more [[verb]]s are placed together. This process is called '''serialization'''. | ||
== Examples == | == Examples == | ||
Serial verbs are a powerful construct in Toaq grammar | Serial verbs are a powerful construct in Toaq grammar. | ||
Any verb with an “event/proposition”, “property”, or “relation” slot at the end can essentially act as an auxiliary verb. See [[Frame]] for how to recognize these slots. | |||
Here is a list of examples to demonstrate the sort of thing serial verbs let you express in Toaq. | Here is a list of examples to demonstrate the sort of thing serial verbs let you express in Toaq. | ||
| Line 11: | Line 11: | ||
! {{t|deq koı}} | ! {{t|deq koı}} | ||
| can walk | | can walk | ||
|- | |- | ||
! {{t|sheo fıeq}} | ! {{t|sheo fıeq}} | ||
| Line 29: | Line 26: | ||
! {{t|jaq chuı}} | ! {{t|jaq chuı}} | ||
| very early | | very early | ||
|- | |- | ||
! {{t|joe suaq}} | ! {{t|joe suaq}} | ||
| Line 38: | Line 32: | ||
! {{t|taq loı}} | ! {{t|taq loı}} | ||
| self- hate | | self- hate | ||
|} | |} | ||
| Line 54: | Line 42: | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|+ Property slot: “merge- | |+ Event/proposition slot: “merge-into” | ||
|- | |||
! chı | |||
| ___ believes that | |||
| style=color:red | ___ | |||
| is the case | |||
|- | |||
! zudeq | |||
| | |||
| ___ | |||
| speaks language | |||
| ___ | |||
|- | |||
! chı zudeq | |||
| colspan=4 align=center style=color:green | ___ believes that ___ speaks language ___. | |||
|} | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|+ Property slot: “merge-away one” | |||
|- | |- | ||
! leo | ! leo | ||
| Line 72: | Line 79: | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|+ | |+ Relation (binary property) slot: “merge-away two” | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! noa | ||
| | | ___ is difficult to be in relation | ||
| ___ | | style=color:red | ___ | ||
| with | |||
|- | |||
! lım | |||
| | | | ||
| | | style=color:red | ___ understands ___ | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! noa lım | ||
| colspan= | | colspan=3 align=center style=color:green | ___ is difficult to understand. | ||
|} | |} | ||
<!-- | |||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|+ Transitive verb: “merge-with-[[baq]]” | |+ Transitive verb: “merge-with-[[baq]]” | ||
| Line 119: | Line 126: | ||
| colspan=4 align=center style=color:green | ___ is a big part of ___ | | colspan=4 align=center style=color:green | ___ is a big part of ___ | ||
|} | |} | ||
--> | |||
== Long serials == | == Long serials == | ||
| Line 124: | Line 132: | ||
For more than two verbs, this merging process is right-grouping: | For more than two verbs, this merging process is right-grouping: | ||
{{Example|sheo (leo kuaq)|regret (trying to express)}} | {{Example|sheo (leo kuaq)|regret (trying to express)}} | ||
{{Example|le ( | {{Example|le (taoshao (ceo guaı))|probably (intend to (start working))}} | ||
== Usage == | == Usage == | ||
The result can be used as a verb by saying each word in {{ | The result can be used as a verb by saying each word in {{Done|1}}: | ||
{{Example|<u> | {{Example|Ma <u>deq koı</u> súq?|Are you <u>able to walk</u>?}} | ||
{{Example|<u> | {{Example|<u>Bujuı suaomıu</u> jí ní da.|I <u>barely care about</u> that.}} | ||
{{Example|<u> | {{Example|<u>Sheo leo ruo huaq caq</u> jí nháo da.|I <u>regret trying to act more strong than</u> them.}} | ||
Only the first word is conjugated for tone, and everything else stays in {{ | Only the first word is conjugated for tone, and everything else stays in {{Done|1}}. | ||
{{Example|táq | {{Example|táq loı|the self-hater}} | ||
{{Example| | {{Example|jâq de|very beautifully}} | ||