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Animacy: Difference between revisions
change presentation of table to suit prose (0 moved to bottom); small clarification; added anti-link-rot transcript
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! Nr. !! Class !! Pronoun !! Example !! Meaning | ! Nr. !! Class !! Pronoun !! Example !! Meaning | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | ! colspan=5 | Verb classes | ||
|- | |- | ||
| I || Animate verbs || {{t|hó}} || {{t|sa pỏq}} || a person | | I || Animate verbs || {{t|hó}} || {{t|sa pỏq}} || a person | ||
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|- | |- | ||
| IV || Adjective verbs || {{t|tá}} || {{t|sa dẻ}} || something pretty | | IV || Adjective verbs || {{t|tá}} || {{t|sa dẻ}} || something pretty | ||
|- | |||
! colspan=5 | Syntactic classes | |||
|- | |- | ||
| V || {{tone|5}} clauses || {{t|róu}} || {{t|dûa jí sıa rảı}} || that I know nothing | | V || {{tone|5}} clauses || {{t|róu}} || {{t|dûa jí sıa rảı}} || that I know nothing | ||
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|- | |- | ||
| VII || {{t|po}} phrases || {{t|zé}} || {{t|pó sa gỉ}} || a good one's | | VII || {{t|po}} phrases || {{t|zé}} || {{t|pó sa gỉ}} || a good one's | ||
|- | |||
! colspan=5 | Odd-one-out classes | |||
|- | |- | ||
| VIII || Personal pronouns || {{t|fúy}} || {{t|nháo}} || they | | VIII || Personal pronouns || {{t|fúy}} || {{t|nháo}} || they | ||
|- | |- | ||
| IX || Demonstratives || {{t|bóu}} || {{t|ní}} || this | | IX || Demonstratives || {{t|bóu}} || {{t|ní}} || this | ||
|- | |||
| 0 || Just {{t|raı}} || {{t|ráı}} || {{t|sa rảı}} || something | |||
|} | |} | ||
Note the following distinction: | Note the following distinction: | ||
* Classes | * Classes I through IV apply depending on the "main" '''verb animacy class''' of a determiner phrase (animate, inanimate, abstract, or unspecified). | ||
* Classes V through VII apply when the expression has a certain grammatical form. | |||
* Classes VIII, IX, and 0 apply to specific closed sets of verbs. | |||
=== Verb animacy classes === | === Verb animacy classes === | ||
[[File:AnimacyPoster.png|thumb|200px|A poster outlining the main verb animacy classes.]] | [[File:AnimacyPoster.png|thumb|200px|A poster outlining the main verb animacy classes.]] | ||
Every Toaq verb belongs to some verb animacy class: | Every Toaq verb belongs to some verb animacy class: | ||
* If the verb necessarily implies animacy/sentience of its subject, it's in '''class I''' ({{t|hó}}). | * If the verb necessarily implies animacy/sentience of its subject, it's in '''class I''' ({{t|hó}}). | ||
*: ''Examples:'' {{t|poq, naq, kato, che, be, deo, mıe, koı, moı, tao, fıeq, jaı…}} | *: ''Examples:'' {{t|poq, naq, kato, che, be, deo, mıe, koı, moı, tao, fıeq, jaı…}} | ||
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* Other verbs are in '''class IV''' ({{t|tá}}). | * Other verbs are in '''class IV''' ({{t|tá}}). | ||
*: ''Examples:'' {{t|doq, nuı, juı, lıo, muo, raq, daı, de…}} | *: ''Examples:'' {{t|doq, nuı, juı, lıo, muo, raq, daı, de…}} | ||
'''Class 0''' consists of just the verb {{t|raı}}. This is so that we can use {{t|raı}} as a dummy verb whose only role is to bind {{t|ráı}} for later use, e.g., | |||
:; {{t|Sa rảı bı, dủa jí bû bỏ jí ráı da.}} | |||
:: ''There are some things I know I don’t own.'' | |||
=== Which is the "main" class? === | === Which is the "main" class? === | ||
How do we determine the animacy class of a DP like {{t|sa dẻ pỏq}} — a [[serial]] of a class-IV and a class-I word? | How do we determine the animacy class of a DP like {{t|sa dẻ pỏq}} — a [[serial]] of a class-IV and a class-I word? | ||
An | An unofficially proposed rule seems to boil down to: "use the first non-class-IV word's class, if possible; otherwise use class IV".<ref name=seoqrea /> | ||
=== References === | |||
<references> | |||
<ref name=seoqrea> | |||
[https://discord.com/channels/311223912044167168/889589074011230230/926472970518548490 Seoqrea’s formulation] {{Transcript|[[User:Seoqrea]]: <blockquote> | |||
I've been thinking about how to determine the animacy class of serials. To me, both of Hỏemaı's original suggestions for how to do this lead to unexpected results, such as pủ zảı being class III if you just use the head's animacy, and chủa lỉq being class I if you take the most animate serial component. So, I've come up with the following system that I think works rather intuitively, using the concept of 'animacy strength', similar to the concept of 'class strength' first described here: https://toaqlanguage.wordpress.com/2021/08/08/miscellanea1/#comment-244 {{Transcript|The basis rule is that the the highest predicate determines the type of the whole phrase and therefore its adverbial behavior. With some predicates (call them weak predicates), it is more useful to say that the highest *strong* predicate determines the type. All non-Main Class predicates are strong. Some Main Class predicates are weak, such as, e.g. “jaq”. For example, if “lẽ” (“le” being a Modal) attaches high, then so would “jãq le”. It would be less useful if it had to attach low.}} | |||
* If the serial head is strong, use its animacy class. | |||
* Otherwise, use the animacy class of the tail. | |||
Then, by assigning words the appropriate animacy strengths, you can put e.g. {{t|tảq ''tủa'' sỉq}} in class I, {{t|dẻ ''rủa''}} in class II, {{t|''chủa'' lỉq}} in class III, etc. Generally, all verbs not in the main class would be weak, and all verbs of animacy class IV would be weak, while most other verbs would be strong. | |||
</blockquote>}} | |||
</ref> | |||
</references> | |||