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Tone: Difference between revisions
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{{Hatnote|This page has been updated for [[Toaq Delta]]. See [[ | {{Hatnote|{{delta}} This page has been updated for [[Toaq Delta]]. See [[Archive:Tone]] for the Toaq Gamma version.}} | ||
Toaq is a tonal language. It has '''tones'''! That is: saying a word with a rising or falling vocal intonation, for example, makes for a difference in meaning. | Toaq is a tonal language. It has '''tones'''! That is: saying a word with a rising or falling vocal intonation, for example, makes for a difference in meaning. | ||
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== The four tones == | == The four tones == | ||
#The '''falling tone''' {{done|1}} is used for verbs, predicatizers, and adjectives. ({{ | #The '''[[falling tone]]''' {{done|1}} is used for verbs, predicatizers, and adjectives. ({{d|fa}} “goes”, {{d|kúe gı}} “the good book”, {{Derani|— |… po káto}} “… of the cat”) | ||
#The '''rising tone''' {{done|2}} is used for nouns, [[determiners]], and pronouns. ({{ | #The '''[[rising tone]]''' {{done|2}} is used for nouns, [[determiners]], and pronouns. ({{d|káto}} “the cat”, {{d|sá kato}} “some cat(s)”, {{d|jí}} “I/me”) | ||
#The '''low glottal tone''' {{done|3}} is used for complementizers and clause-initiating words. ({{ | #The '''[[low glottal tone]]''' {{done|3}} is used for complementizers and clause-initiating words. ({{d|ꝡä gı}} “that it’s good”) | ||
#The '''rising-falling tone''' {{done|4}} is for adverbial adjuncts. ({{ | #The '''[[rising-falling tone]]''' {{done|4}} is for adverbial adjuncts. ({{d|fêı}} “angrily”, {{d|nîe tíaı}} “inside the box”) | ||
=== Interaction with parts of speech === | === Interaction with parts of speech === | ||
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=== Interaction with focus particles === | === Interaction with focus particles === | ||
Tone on focus particles is a little nuanced. If you focus something | Tone on focus particles is a little nuanced. If you focus something carrying a tonal inflection, like the {{done|2}} in {{d|máoja}}, then the focus particle "steals" the tone. But if the word is uninflected (in the "default tone" for its part of speech), the focus particle stays in its default rising tone form. | ||
Here are some examples of how this works for each of the focusable parts of speech: | Here are some examples of how this works for each of the focusable parts of speech: | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! [[Verb]] | ! [[Verb]] | ||
| | |Uninflected, must use prefix form to avoid conflict with rising tone | ||
{{ | {{d|kụrıatua}}<ul></ul> | ||
| {{ | | {{d|kú maoja}} | ||
| style="background:#ccc" | | | style="background:#ccc" | | ||
| {{ | | {{d|kû shoı}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
! [[Pronoun]] | ! [[Pronoun]] | ||
| style="background:#ccc" | | | style="background:#ccc" | | ||
| | | Uninflected | ||
{{ | {{d|kú jí}} | ||
| style="background:#ccc" | | | style="background:#ccc" | | ||
| {{ | | {{d|kû jí}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
! [[Determiner]] | ! [[Determiner]] | ||
| style="background:#ccc" | | | style="background:#ccc" | | ||
| | | Uninflected | ||
{{ | {{d|kú báq nam}} | ||
| style="background:#ccc" | | | style="background:#ccc" | | ||
| {{ | | {{d|kû báq nam}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
! [[Complementizer]] | ! [[Complementizer]] | ||
| Unattested | | Unattested | ||
| style="background:#ccc" | | | style="background:#ccc" | | ||
| | | Uninflected | ||
{{ | {{d|kú ꝡä}} | ||
| {{ | | {{d|kû ꝡä}} | ||
|} | |} | ||
One exception is the event accessor verb {{d|ë}}, which carries an inherent glottal tone due to being both a verb and a subordinator. | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
! | |||
! Falling tone {{done|1}} | |||
! Rising tone {{done|2}} | |||
! Glottal tone {{done|3}} | |||
! Rising-falling tone {{done|4}} | |||
|- | |||
! Event accessor verb | |||
| style="background:#ccc" | | |||
| {{d|kú ë marao}} | |||
| Uninflected, must use prefix form to avoid conflict with rising tone | |||
{{d|kụ̈'e marao}} | |||
| {{d|kû ë marao}} | |||
|} | |||
[[Simple Focus]] is a proposal intended to simplify the behavior of tones with focus particles. | |||
==External links== | ==External links== | ||
*[https://toaq.net/refgram/phonology/#tones Refgram: Tones] | *[https://toaq.net/refgram/phonology/#tones Refgram: Tones] | ||