Frame: Difference between revisions

Latest revision as of 00:40, 25 September 2024

A verb's frame is a little "signature" that tells you how a verb will operate on the next verb when making a serial verb.

For example, the frame of sue is c c 1, meaning it has two "common" slots, and one "1-ary" property slot that will, in a serial verb, merge away with the subject of the next verb.

If the frame is all c (no digits), then this verb cannot act as the left side or "auxiliary" verb in a serial; any following verb will be treated as an adjective.

A frame consists of as many space-separated glyphs as it has argument slots, and each one describes what can go in that slot:

Frame glyphs
Glyph	Meaning	Telltale phrase	Argument type	Serial behavior
`c`	"common" argument	none	anything	none
`0`	0-ary relation (proposition)	"that ▯ is the case"	ꝡä-clause*	Merge-into
`1`	1-ary relation (property)	"to satisfy property ▯"	lä-clause with 1 já*	Merge-away one
`2`	2-ary relation (relation)	"to be in relation ▯ with"	lä-clause with 2 já*	Merge-away two

*Or another noun form referring to the same thing, such as hụ́ꝡa or hóq.

Note that c does not mean the argument in that slot can't be a proposition or property. Frames do not restrict the semantic types of a verb's argument; they only say how and where serialization happens.

Coindexation

This is an advanced section. You don't need to understand it to speak Toaq, but it might help you understand how programs like Kuna work.

Sometimes you might see the letters ijx in a frame. For example, sue's frame is listed as c c 1j in the official dictionary.

The letters i j refer to the first and second arguments of the verb. They express a "coindexation" between the lambda arguments inside of a property or relation, and the arguments of the verb itself. A 1 slot is followed by one such letter and a 2 by two such letters.

For example, nue is c c 1i, because "i promises j to satisfy property P" really means "i promises to j that P(i) will be brought about."

But sue is c c 1j because "i asks j to satisfy property P" really means "i asks of j that P(j) be brought about."

And the frame of taq is c 2ii, as "i is in relation R with itself" really means "i is such that R(i, i)."

The letter x means that there is no coindexation between the arguments of the verb and that lambda argument. The frame of mıa is c 2ix because the relation is applied between i and "many things x".

When recovering the deep structure of clauses using serial verbs, this coindexation info is used to translate serial verbs into non-finite clauses, turning their lambda arguments into covert pronouns (called "PRO") that correctly coindex with earlier DPs.

Nue caq mí Joq mí Bıo túe.
mí Joq_i v_cause [mí Bıo nue [PRO_i v_cause [caq túe]]]

Sue caq mí Joq mí Bıo túe.
mí Joq v_cause [mí Bıo_j sue [PRO_j v_cause [caq túe]]]

See PRO (linguistics) on Wikipedia.

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-#REDIRECT [[Frame (beta)]]
+A verb's ''frame'' is a little "signature" that tells you how a verb will operate on the next verb when making a [[serial verb]].
+For example, the frame of {{t|sue}} is <code>c c 1</code>, meaning it has two "common" slots, and one "1-ary" property slot that will, in a serial verb, [[Serial_verb#Merging_definitions|merge away]] with the subject of the next verb.
+If the frame is all <code>c</code> (no digits), then this verb cannot act as the left side or "auxiliary" verb in a serial; any following verb will be treated as an [[adjective]].
+A frame consists of as many space-separated glyphs as it has argument slots, and each one describes what can go in that slot:
+{| class="wikitable"
+|+ Frame glyphs
+|-
+! Glyph !! Meaning !! Telltale phrase !! Argument type !! Serial behavior
+|-
+| <code>c</code> || "common" argument || none || anything || none
+|-
+| <code>0</code> || 0-ary relation ([[proposition]]) || "that ▯ is the case" || {{t|ꝡä}}-clause* || [[Serial_verb#Merging_definitions|Merge-into]]
+|-
+| <code>1</code> || 1-ary relation ([[property]]) || "to satisfy property ▯" || {{t|lä}}-clause with 1 {{t|já}}* || [[Serial_verb#Merging_definitions|Merge-away one]]
+|-
+| <code>2</code> || 2-ary relation ([[relation]]) || "to be in relation ▯ with" || {{t|lä}}-clause with 2 {{t|já}}* || [[Serial_verb#Merging_definitions|Merge-away two]]
+|}
+<div style="font-size:0.8rem">*Or another [[noun form]] referring to the same thing, such as {{t|hụ́ꝡa}} or {{t|hóq}}.</div>
+Note that <code>c</code> does not mean the argument in that slot ''can't'' be a proposition or property. Frames do not restrict the semantic types of a verb's argument; they only say how and where serialization happens.
+== Coindexation ==
+<div class="warningbox">This is an advanced section. You don't need to understand it to speak Toaq, but it might help you understand how programs like [[Kuna]] work.</div>
+Sometimes you might see the letters <code>ijx</code> in a frame. For example, {{t|sue}}'s frame is listed as <code>c c 1j</code> in the official dictionary.
+The letters <code>i j</code> refer to the first and second arguments of the verb. They express a "coindexation" between the lambda arguments inside of a property or relation, and the arguments of the verb itself. A <code>1</code> slot is followed by one such letter and a <code>2</code> by two such letters.
+For example, {{t|nue}} is <code>c c 1i</code>, because "{{orange|<tt>i</tt>}} promises {{blue|<tt>j</tt>}} to satisfy property P" really means "{{orange|<tt>i</tt>}} promises to {{blue|<tt>j</tt>}} that {{orange|P(<tt>i</tt>)}} will be brought about."
+But {{t|sue}} is <code>c c 1j</code> because "{{orange|<tt>i</tt>}} asks {{blue|<tt>j</tt>}} to satisfy property P" really means "{{orange|<tt>i</tt>}} asks of {{blue|<tt>j</tt>}} that {{blue|P(<tt>j</tt>)}} be brought about."
+And the frame of {{t|taq}} is <code>c 2ii</code>, as "{{orange|<tt>i</tt>}} is in relation R with itself" really means "{{orange|<tt>i</tt>}} is such that {{orange|R(<tt>i</tt>, <tt>i</tt>)}}."
+The letter <code>x</code> means that there is no coindexation between the arguments of the verb and that lambda argument. The frame of {{t|mıa}} is <code>c 2ix</code> because the relation is applied between {{orange|<tt>i</tt>}} and "many things x".
+When recovering the [[deep structure]] of clauses using serial verbs, this coindexation info is used to translate serial verbs into non-finite clauses, turning their lambda arguments into covert pronouns (called "PRO") that correctly coindex with earlier DPs.
+{{Example|Nue caq mí Joq mí Bıo túe.|{{orange|mí Joq<sub>i</sub>}} ''v''<sub>cause</sub> [mí Bıo nue [{{orange|PRO<sub>i</sub>}} ''v''<sub>cause</sub> [caq túe]]]}}
+{{Example|Sue caq mí Joq mí Bıo túe.|mí Joq ''v''<sub>cause</sub> [{{blue|mí Bıo<sub>j</sub>}} sue [{{blue|PRO<sub>j</sub>}} ''v''<sub>cause</sub> [caq túe]]]}}
+See [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PRO_(linguistics) PRO (linguistics)] on Wikipedia.