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A verb's ''frame'' is a little "signature" that tells you what arguments can go in what slots, and what happens when the verb is used to make a [[serial verb]].
A verb's ''frame'' is a little "signature" that tells you how a verb will operate on the next verb when making a [[serial verb]].


For example, the frame of {{t|sue}} is <code>c c 1</code>, meaning it has two "concrete" slots, and one "1-ary" property slot that will, in a serial verb, [[Serial_verb#Merging_definitions|merge away]] with the subject of the next verb.
For example, the frame of {{t|sue}} is <code>c c 1</code>, meaning it has two "common" slots, and one "1-ary" property slot that will, in a serial verb, [[Serial_verb#Merging_definitions|merge away]] with the subject of the next verb.
 
If the frame is all <code>c</code> (no digits), then this verb cannot act as the left side or "auxiliary" verb in a serial; any following verb will be treated as an [[adjective]].


A frame consists of as many space-separated glyphs as it has argument slots, and each one describes what can go in that slot:
A frame consists of as many space-separated glyphs as it has argument slots, and each one describes what can go in that slot:
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|+ Frame glyphs
|+ Frame glyphs
|-
|-
! Glyph !! Meaning !! Telltale phrase !! Serial behavior
! Glyph !! Meaning !! Telltale phrase !! Argument type !! Serial behavior
|-
|-
| <code>c</code> || "Concrete" (non-property) argument || None
| <code>c</code> || "common" argument || none || anything || none
|-
|-
| <code>0</code> || 0-ary relation ([[proposition]]) || "that ▯ is the case" || [[Serial_verb#Merging_definitions|Merge-into]]
| <code>0</code> || 0-ary relation ([[proposition]]) || "that ▯ is the case" || {{t|ꝡä}}-clause* || [[Serial_verb#Merging_definitions|Merge-into]]
|-
|-
| <code>1</code> || 1-ary relation ([[property]]) || "to satisfy property ▯" || [[Serial_verb#Merging_definitions|Merge-away one]]
| <code>1</code> || 1-ary relation ([[property]]) || "to satisfy property ▯" || {{t|lä}}-clause with 1 {{t|já}}* || [[Serial_verb#Merging_definitions|Merge-away one]]
|-
|-
| <code>2</code> || 2-ary relation ([[relation]]) || "to be in relation ▯ with" || [[Serial_verb#Merging_definitions|Merge-away two]]
| <code>2</code> || 2-ary relation ([[relation]]) || "to be in relation ▯ with" || {{t|lä}}-clause with 2 {{t|já}}* || [[Serial_verb#Merging_definitions|Merge-away two]]
|}
|}
<div style="font-size:0.8rem">*Or another [[noun form]] referring to the same thing, such as {{t|hụ́ꝡa}} or {{t|hóq}}.</div>
Note that <code>c</code> does not mean the argument in that slot ''can't'' be a proposition or property. Frames do not restrict the semantic types of a verb's argument; they only say how and where serialization happens.


== Coindexation ==
== Coindexation ==


Sometimes you might see the letters <code>ijkx</code> in a frame. For example, {{t|sue}}'s frame is listed as <code>c c 1j</code> in the official dictionary.
<div class="warningbox">This is an advanced section. You don't need to understand it to speak Toaq, but it might help you understand how programs like [[Kuna]] work.</div>
 
Sometimes you might see the letters <code>ijx</code> in a frame. For example, {{t|sue}}'s frame is listed as <code>c c 1j</code> in the official dictionary.
 
The letters <code>i j</code> refer to the first and second arguments of the verb. They express a "coindexation" between the lambda arguments inside of a property or relation, and the arguments of the verb itself. A <code>1</code> slot is followed by one such letter and a <code>2</code> by two such letters.
 
For example, {{t|nue}} is <code>c c 1i</code>, because "{{orange|<tt>i</tt>}} promises {{blue|<tt>j</tt>}} to satisfy property P" really means "{{orange|<tt>i</tt>}} promises to {{blue|<tt>j</tt>}} that {{orange|P(<tt>i</tt>)}} will be brought about."
 
But {{t|sue}} is <code>c c 1j</code> because "{{orange|<tt>i</tt>}} asks {{blue|<tt>j</tt>}} to satisfy property P" really means "{{orange|<tt>i</tt>}} asks of {{blue|<tt>j</tt>}} that {{blue|P(<tt>j</tt>)}} be brought about."


The letters <code>i j k</code> refer to the first, second, and third arguments of the verb. They express a "coindexation" between the lambda arguments inside of a property or relation, and the arguments of the verb itself. A <code>1</code> slot is followed by one such letter and a <code>2</code> by two such letters.
And the frame of {{t|taq}} is <code>c 2ii</code>, as "{{orange|<tt>i</tt>}} is in relation R with itself" really means "{{orange|<tt>i</tt>}} is such that {{orange|R(<tt>i</tt>, <tt>i</tt>)}}."


For example, {{t|nue}} is <code>c c 1i</code>, because "{{orange|''x<sub>i</sub>''}} promises ''{{blue|x<sub>j</sub>}}'' to satisfy property ''P''" really means "{{orange|''x<sub>i</sub>''}} promises to ''{{blue|x<sub>j</sub>}}'' that {{orange|''P''(''x<sub>i</sub>'')}} will be brought about."
The letter <code>x</code> means that there is no coindexation between the arguments of the verb and that lambda argument. The frame of {{t|mıa}} is <code>c 2ix</code> because the relation is applied between {{orange|<tt>i</tt>}} and "many things x".


But {{t|sue}} is <code>c c 1j</code> because "{{orange|''x<sub>i</sub>''}} asks ''{{blue|x<sub>j</sub>}}'' to satisfy property ''P''" really means "{{orange|''x<sub>i</sub>''}} asks of ''{{blue|x<sub>j</sub>}}'' that {{blue|''P''(''x<sub>j</sub>'')}} be brought about."
When recovering the [[deep structure]] of clauses using serial verbs, this coindexation info is used to translate serial verbs into non-finite clauses, turning their lambda arguments into covert pronouns (called "PRO") that correctly coindex with earlier DPs.  


And the frame of {{t|taq}} is <code>c 2ii</code>, as "{{orange|''x<sub>i</sub>''}} is in relation ''R'' with itself" really means "{{orange|''x<sub>i</sub>''}} satisfies {{orange|R(''x<sub>i</sub>'', ''x<sub>i</sub>'')}}."
{{Example|Nue caq mí Joq mí Bıo túe.|{{orange|mí Joq<sub>i</sub>}} ''v''<sub>cause</sub> [mí Bıo nue [{{orange|PRO<sub>i</sub>}} ''v''<sub>cause</sub> [caq túe]]]}}
{{Example|Sue caq mí Joq mí Bıo túe.|mí Joq ''v''<sub>cause</sub> [{{blue|mí Bıo<sub>j</sub>}} sue [{{blue|PRO<sub>j</sub>}} ''v''<sub>cause</sub> [caq túe]]]}}


The letter <code>x</code> means that there is no coindexation between the arguments of the verb and the lambda argument. The frame of {{t|mıa}} is <code>c 2ix</code> because the relation is applied between {{orange|''x<sub>i</sub>''}} and "many things ''x''".
See [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PRO_(linguistics) PRO (linguistics)] on Wikipedia.
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