Cheat sheet/Gamma: Difference between revisions
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<span style="color:#C00000; font-weight: bold;">Note: This page was for Toaq Gamma. A lot of stuff on here is <u>outdated</u>.</span> | |||
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*{{t|níaı mäı <u>hóa</u> jí cy}} = "the animal <u>who</u> loves me" | *{{t|níaı mäı <u>hóa</u> jí cy}} = "the animal <u>who</u> loves me" | ||
*{{t|níaı mäı jí <u>hóa</u> cy}} = "the animal <u>whom</u> I love" | *{{t|níaı mäı jí <u>hóa</u> cy}} = "the animal <u>whom</u> I love" | ||
{{t|cy}} is not necessary if the word that immediately follows can terminate the content clause. For example, {{t|cy}} is not needed before {{t|da}} because {{t|da}} already ends the sentence. | |||
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*{{t|Keo shảo jí <u>nîaı jí cy</u> da.}} = "But I want to be an animal." | *{{t|Keo shảo jí <u>nîaı jí cy</u> da.}} = "But I want to be an animal." | ||
{{t|cy}} is not | {{t|cy}} is not always needed for the same reason as the rising-creaky tone {{tone|3}}. | ||
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{{t|roı}} is special, and ''combines'' nouns it connects: | {{t|roı}} is special, and ''combines'' nouns it connects: | ||
* {{t|Rẻı <u>súq roı jí</u> múao.}} = "You '''and''' I '''(together)''' surround the tree." | * {{t|Rẻı <u>súq roı jí</u> múao.}} = "You '''and''' I '''(together)''' surround the tree." | ||
{{t|rı}} is used in questions: | |||
* {{t|Kảqgaı súq <u>káto rı kúne</u> moq?}} = "Do you see a cat '''or''' a dog?" | |||
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Latest revision as of 18:34, 7 December 2022
Note: This page was for Toaq Gamma. A lot of stuff on here is outdated.
Pronouns
- jí = I
- súq = you
- nháo = he/she/they
- múy = I+you
- míy = I+they
- máy = I+you+they
- há = one/people (as in "One does not simply walk into Mordor")
These pronouns refer back to words of a certain animacy class:
- hó = him/her/them (animate)
- máq = it (inanimate)
- hóq = it (abstract)
- tá = it (adjective)
Attach -bo to pronouns to make genitive words:
- jıbo = ___ is mine
- suqbo = ___ is yours
- maqbo = ___ is its (inanimate)
Nature vocab
- poq = ___ is a person
- ocha = ___ is a human
- nıaı = ___ is an animal
- deo = ___ is a child
- kato = ___ is a cat
- kune = ___ is a dog
- cıe = ___ is a fish
- hoe = ___ is a sun
- mıao = ___ is a moon
- nao = ___ is water
- haq = ___ is food
- rua = ___ is a flower
Colors
- reo = ___ has color ___
- reocuaq = ___ is a color
kıa naraq lue rıq kuao mıo loa bao ruı kuo tıaq
All of the above verbs mean "___ has color X", not "___ is the color X".
Everyday vocab
- maı = ___ loves ___
- paı = ___ is a friend of ___
- cho = ___ likes ___
- hıo = ___ greets/bids farewell to ___
- ceohıo = ___ says hi to ___
- shaıhıo = ___ says bye to ___
- chuq = ___ eats ___
- pıe = ___ drinks ___
- kuq = ___ says ___ to ___
- koy = ___ talks to ___
- gı = ___ is good
- huı = ___ is bad
- de = ___ is beautiful
- tı = ___ is at ___
- nıe = ___ is inside ___
- neo = ___ is on top of ___
Abstract vocab
- toa = ___ is a word
- muı = ___ is a meaning of ___
- muıbo / semıo = ___ means ___
- toaq = ___ is Toaqic
- dua = ___ knows ___
- chı = ___ believes ___
- mıu = ___ opines ___
- gaı = ___ senses ___
- kaqgaı = ___ sees ___
- huogaı = ___ hears ___
- shıqgaı = ___ smells ___
- noqgaı = ___ tastes ___
- puaqgaı = ___ touches ___
- sı = ___ pays attention to ___
- kaqsı = ___ looks at ___
- huosı = ___ listens to ___, etc.
Abstract vocab 2
- kuaı = ___ longs to do ___
- leo = ___ tries to do ___
- tua = ___ makes ___ happen
- shao = ___ wants ___ to happen
- choq = ___ uses ___ to do ___
- ca = ___ causes ___
- kuı = ___ is because ___
- bu = ___ is false (i.e. "not")
- le = ___ is likely
- daı = ___ is possible
- raı = ___ is something
- nı = ___ is this/that
Tenses and aspects
- pu = ___ happened
- naı = ___ happens now
- jıa = ___ will happen
- ceo = ___ starts to happen
- chufaq = ___ is happening
- shaı = ___ stops happening
- shıu = ___ happens before ___
- rao = ___ happens during ___
- bıe = ___ happens after ___
- nıqguo = ___ happens again
- he = ___ is gnomically (generally) true
Sentence structure
(Connector) | (Topic) | Body | (Illocution) |
---|---|---|---|
Je, (Well,) | háq bı, | gỉ máq jìe nháo | da. (statement) |
Keo, (However,) | moq? (question) | ||
Tıu, (So,) | ba. (wish) | ||
Nhu, (Anyway,) | nha. (promise) |
Rising tone
Makes a noun phrase out of the first slot of a verb:
pỏq = ___ is a person => póq = "the person(s)"
cả = ___ causes ___ => cá "the cause(s)"
If a noun for the second slot is needed, use mú and the verb form of the word.
cả => mú cả "the thing(s) that was caused"
Rising-creaky tone
Attaches a relative clause to a preceding noun.
Inside the phrase, hóa refers to the noun attached to. cy ends the clause.
- póq düa hóa cy = "the people who know"
- níaı mäı hóa jí cy = "the animal who loves me"
- níaı mäı jí hóa cy = "the animal whom I love"
cy is not necessary if the word that immediately follows can terminate the content clause. For example, cy is not needed before da because da already ends the sentence.
Falling tone
Main verb.
- Mảı jí súq da. = "I love you."
Also marks any non-initial word in a serial. In serials (think "unit" of words), only the first word of the serial changes tone. The rest stays in . In the example below, only the word kúo changes to . The remaining kảto is in .
- Mảı jí kúo kảto da. = "I love the black cat."
Peaking tone
Starts a content clause, terminated by cy.
- ôcha jí cy = "that I am human"
- Dủa jí ôcha jí cy da. = "I know that I am human."
- Keo shảo jí nîaı jí cy da. = "But I want to be an animal."
cy is not always needed for the same reason as the rising-creaky tone .
Mid-falling tone
A preposition, which makes an adverbial with the following noun phrase.
It can go before or after the arguments to the main verb.
- nèo míao = "on the moon"
- Kỏy jí súq nèo míao. = "I talk to you on the moon."
- Mảı jí súq kùı pâı súq jí. = "I love you because you are my friend."
Falling creaky tone
An adverb. It can go before or after the arguments to the main verb.
- dãı = "possibly"
- Chỉ hó hóq dãı da. = "They possibly believe it."
Neutral tone
Used for function words like illocutions or determiners. Pronounced as any tonal "break" with the contour of the last word.
Determiners
Combine with a verb to make a "determiner phrase".
sa cỉe | a/some fish |
---|---|
tu cỉe | every fish |
sıa cỉe | no fish |
ke cỉe | the fish |
baq cỉe | fish (in general) |
hı cỉe | which fish? |
Or you can omit the verb: sa = "something", sıa = "nothing"…
Conjunctions
Logical conjunctions connect any parts of speech, with a "logic and/or/xor" meaning:
- Gỉ ra dẻ baq kảto da. = "Cats are good and/or beautiful."
- Gỉ ro hủı baq hảq da. = "Food is either good or bad."
- Rẻı súq ru jí múao. = "You and I surround the tree." (Both I do, and you do.)
roı is special, and combines nouns it connects:
- Rẻı súq roı jí múao. = "You and I (together) surround the tree."
rı is used in questions:
- Kảqgaı súq káto rı kúne moq? = "Do you see a cat or a dog?"
Quotations and names
Quotations start with mo and end with teo.
mı is placed before a name.
If you are addressing someone, hu should be added before the name.
- Hu mí Hỏemaı, lả hỉo ka = "Hello, Hoemaı".
Remember to add some separation between the name and the following sentence with lả or something similar.
Asking questions
moq is the illocution for asking questions.
mả can be used to ask a yes/no question.
- Mỉ Hỏemaı súq da. = "You are Hoemaı."
- Mả mỉ Hỏemaı súq moq? = "Are you Hoemaı?"
hı 'what, which', tıopuı 'how many' may be used to ask non-yes/no questions. Note that hı is a determiner.
Tỉ | súq | hı | rảı | moq | ? |
at | you | which | thing | INT | ? |
"Where are you?" |
Tỉsha | súq | rào | hı | moq | ? |
arrive | you | when | which | INT | ? |
"When did you arrive?" |
Pủ | chủq | hı | rảı | ní | moq | ? |
PST | eat | which | thing | this/that | INT | ? |
"Who ate this?" |
Tảo | súq | ní | kùı | hı | moq | ? |
do | you | this/that | because | which | INT | ? |
"Why did you do that?" |
Tỉopuı | póq | moq | ? |
how many | person | INT | ? |
"How many people are there?" |
Fả | tíopuı | póq | moq | ? |
go | how many | person | INT | ? |
"How many people went?" |
po
Used for showing possession, terminated by ga; "Pó [possessor] ga [possessee]"
Nủı pó káto ga nỉoka. = "The cat's paws are tiny."