Toaq Delta
Revision as of 16:20, 19 January 2025 by (username removed)
Toaq Sigma is the current version of Toaq, released on December 6, 2022. It is described in the Toaq Sigma Reference Grammar.
Changes from Gamma
Phonology
- New consonant /w~j/ written Ꝡꝡ.
- Vowel y /ə/ is gone. There are new diphthongs like /e.u/ or /i.ɛj/.
- Syllables can end in /m/ in addition to /ŋ/.
- There are 4 tones, down from 7.
- There is a new system of derivational prefixes.
Orthography
- Some typographic conventions are established: commas around clauses, ? at the end of a question.
- A new writing system, Derani.
Grammar
- Determiners take the rising tone
.
- ní is a determiner.
- The new glottal tone
marks subordinating function words. Notably, it doesn't go on verbs.
- New complementizers: old
is replaced by ꝡä or é, and
is replaced by ꝡë.
- New complementizers: old
- Old tones
and
merged into the single adjunct tone
.
- We have Full Arguments and auto-terminating clauses.
- New pronouns.
- róu, zé etc are gone: instead, attach hú- to any head to refer back to the phrase headed by it.
- Many uses of bı are replaced by the cleft verb nä. Only real topics use bï.
- Adjectives come after the "noun" now.
- Object incorporation is richer.
- Sentence prefixes (JE) are gone. Use connectives or interjections instead.
- Forethought connectives (TO) are gone.
- Connectives can be tone-conjugated to change how closely they bind.
Vocabulary
- chufaq → chum, naby → nam…
- hóı is now the vocative marker and hú the "aforementioned" determiner (they swapped places).